CHAPTER XXV 



PAGE 



Caterpillars. Manifold variations of form and habit: manifold variety of devices for conceal- 

 ment. Predominance of counter-shading: "Mimicry" : 'Obliteration ' and "Mimicry" com- 

 bined. Inchworms. Luna, Polephemus, Sphinxes. Leaf-edge caterpillars (on maple, 

 birch, beech, oak, etc.). 'Mirror-backed' caterpillar. Plumed dead-leaf caterpillar. 

 Dead-leaf-mimicking sphinx. Pine-tuft sphinx. Lappet caterpillar. Concluding re- 

 marks iSj 



CHAPTER XXVI 



A glance at Insects other than Lepidoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Beetles, Bees, Wasps, Flies, 

 Dragon-flies, etc.), and at Spiders. Obliterative shading and picture-patterns on terrestrial 

 locusts, etc. 'Dazzling'-colors. 'Obliteration' and leaf-mimicry among grasshoppers. Ob- 

 scure coloration of crickets. Iridescence, 'ruptive' patterns, etc., of beetles. Counter- 

 shading and bark-patterns of cicadas. Plant-lice. Water-insects. Obliterative patterns 

 of wasps and bees: iridescence. Dim colors and obliterative markings of the Diptera 

 (Flies, gnats, etc.). Ants.. Beautiful obliterative costumes of the dragon-flies: (counter- 

 shading, vivid colors, iridescence, picture-patterns). 'Mimetic' dragon-flies. Larval and 

 pupal insects 198 



CHAPTER XXVII 



Butterflies and Moths. Their costumes all concealing, from the gaudiest to the dullest. Changes • 

 in environments: tropical forests. Earlier estimates of the subject: our limitations. Essay 

 in English Entomological Society's "Transactions" cited. "Mimicry, Common Warning 

 Colors, and Sexual Selection.'' The comparatively small part played by counter-shading. 

 Immense variety of background-pictures. 'Sedentary' and 'aerial' butterflies. Kallima 

 inachis. Other types of leaf -mimicry. Heliconius melpomene: its flight-pattern: its re- 

 markable roosting-habits. Dainty leaf- and flower-pictures; Metamorpha, Euchloe. 

 Bark-butterflies: wing-folders; Grapta, Vanessa, Calligo, etc. Ground-butterflies: of the 

 fields: of the forest. Wing-waving. 'Intermediates.' Shadow-color: sunlit-foliage color. 

 PapilionidcB. Sun-flecks: sun-streaks: Heliconius chariionia: shimmering foliage. ' Rup- 

 tive ' flight-patterns. Hummingbird-Papilios. Heliconius melpomene z%am. "Batesian 

 and MuUerian Mimicry groups." Clear-winged butterflies: Bates quoted. Iridescence: 

 major: minor, il/or^/io^: of the tree-tops: of the forest: 'dazzling' effect. Obliterative 

 patterns analysed. 'Ruptive ' patterns again. Flower-like-ness. The ocellus. Owl (?) 

 butterflies. Major and minor ocelli. Appendages. Enormous size of butterflies' 

 wings, relative to their weight: comparison with bees and birds. 'Obliteration' of 

 butterflies' bodies. Erratic flight. Moths. Urania: 'target-marks.' 'Flat-folding.' 

 Bright hind wings and masking fore-wings. Marvelously detailed picture-patterns. Near 

 backgrounds. Flat-folding butterflies. Grass-moths (like ptarmigans and grass-frogs). 

 'Obliteration' and "mimicry." Perpendicularly- and cylindrically-folding moths. Extreme 

 types of bark-picturing, and peculiar habits accompanying some of them. Dead-leaf 

 moths. £)Ma/i/y of moths' and butterflies' patterns. Nature's picture-painting again: con- 

 cluding remarks 212 



xiv 



