CHAPTER XIX 



PAGE 



Birds, concluded. The birds of tropical forests : brown ground-birds : gaudy perchers on tree-tops : 

 tree-top skulkers, etc.: Parrots and parrot-tails: Toucans: ruptive patterns, iridescence, 

 appendages: extreme color-contrasts: juxtaposition of complementary colors: green light: 

 Trogons and Tanagers: Chapman cited; etc. Winter birds of the snowy North: Blue 

 Jays, Magpies, Goshawks, Titmice, Woodpeckers, cone-birds, etc. White in birds' 

 costumes. Generalizations and comparisons ■ - - 107 



CHAPTER XX 



Mammals. A running survey of the coloration of mammals, from bats to whales. Full oblitera- 



tive shading almost universal among them. Exceptions considered .... 119 



CHAPTER XXI 



Mammals, continued. The markings of coimter-shaded mammals: the main types of their 

 obliterative picture-patterns. Leopards, Giraffes, Zebras, Tigers, Antelopes; Hares, 

 Ground Squirrels, etc., etc . 132 



CHAPTER XXII 



Mammals, concluded, etc. Patterns of mammals that are not counter-shaded. Sky-matching 

 patterns of mammals. 'Sky-pictures' on the backs and fronts of Skunks, Zorils, Teledus, 

 Ratels, Ant-eaters, etc. White snow-animals: black markings on white: Ptarmigans, 

 Weasels, etc. Sky-matching white rumps and tails of many fleet ruminants and rodents 

 (Deer, Antelopes, Hares, etc.). Flamingoes, Spoonbills, etc., and morning and evening 

 skies. Other examples of sky-picturing on birds, compared with mammalian sky-picturing. 

 'Dazzling-marks,' fixed and eclipsable; and other special phases of pattern-use. Merriam 

 cited. Generalizations and comparisons . . . 147 



CHAPTER XXIII 



Fishes. Counter-shading universal among them: exceptions: deep-sea fishes: cave-fishes. The 

 two great divisions of daylight fishes: free-swimmers and the haunters 0} submerged land. 

 Flat-fishes: Crabs: Rock-fishes. 'Paradise' fishes of the tropics. "Mimicry" among 

 fishes. "Chameleonism" in fishes. Fresh-water fishes. Trout and "trout-spots." 

 and Fishes seals. Summary . . . . . j6o 



CHAPTER XXIV 



Reptiles and Amphibians. Counter-shading universal among them. Tree-snakes and -Lizards. 

 Grass-snakes. Unmarked, striped, and banded snakes. Rattlers, Copperheads, Puff 

 Adders, etc. Markings of lizards, and chameleonism. "Mimicry" (?) among snakes 

 and lizards. Crocodilians. Tortoises and Turtles. Frogs and Toads. Elaborate 

 obliterative coloration— counter-shading and picture-patterns— of certain frogs, toads, and 



tree-toads. "Mimicry" among them. Newts, Salamanders, etc lya 



xiii 



