xvi LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS 



13. Map of the West Indian Area, showing the position of the 



principal islands . ' 262 



14. Map of North and South America, indicating roughly the 



supposed conditions of land and water about the commence- 

 ment of the Tertiary Era 280 



15. Map of the World, showing the conditions of land and water 



in upper Cretaceous times according to Dr. Ortmann (repro- 

 duced with the author's permission) ..... 292 



16. Map of North and South America, indicating roughly the 



supposed conditions of land and water about the middle of 



the Tertiary Era 294 



17. Map of the World, showing the conditions of land and water 



during the Eocene Period, according to Dr. von Ihering 

 (reproduced with the author's permission) .... 314 



18. Map of South America (reproduced from Meiklejohn's oroscopic 



maps, by permission of Messrs. Meiklejohn & Son) . . 336 



19. Map indicating the distribution of the snail Clausilia in the 



Mediterranean region, in Africa and America, with an inset 

 figure of Clausilia (Nenia) 349 



20. Map of the World, showing the conditions of land and water 



in lower Tertiary times, according to Dr. Ortmann (repro- 

 duced with the author's permission) 382 



21. Map of the World, showing the conditions of land and water 



in late Cretaceous and basal Eocene times, according to 

 Professor Osborn (reproduced with the author's permission) 419 



