344 THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 



tail, compressing it over the perinseum. Acting singly, it inclines the 

 tail to that side. 



Directions. — The preceding two muscles should be entirely removed. 

 Above the rectum there will be found the terminal portion of the pos- 

 terior mesenteric artery; and on its side, the pelvic plexus of nerves. 



The Posterior Mesenteric Artery (Plate 46) is a branch of the 

 abdominal aorta. Its terminal portion enters the pelvic cavity between 

 the layers of the meso-rectum; and passing backwards above the bowel, 

 it terminates above the anus. In its backward course it detaches 

 numerous branches to the wall of the rectum. 



The Posterior Mesenteric Vein runs in company with the artery. 

 Its initial portion is formed at the posterior part of the rectum, by the 

 union of hsemorrhoidal veins, which communicate with like branches of 

 the internal pudic vein. In the abdominal cavity it concurs in the 

 formation of the portal vein. 



The Pelvic Plexus of the sympathetic nerve. This is an intricate 

 network of nerves, placed on the side of the rectum, and distributing 

 branches to the pelvic viscera. It receives in front the offsets from the 

 posterior mesenteric plexus, and above it is joined by branches from the 

 inferior sacral nerves. In both sexes it distributes branches to the 

 rectum and bladder; and, besides, it supplies branches to the prostate, 

 vesicula seminalis, and vas deferens in the male, and to the vagina and 

 uterus in the female. 



The Eectum (Plate 46) is the terminal segment of the large intes- 

 tines. At the entrance to the pelvis it is directly continuous with the 

 small colon, and it terminates at the anus. Its initial portion resembles 

 the small colon in being puckered and of comparatively small calibre. 

 Its terminal portion, on the other hand, is dilated and sac-like, forming 

 a large pouch in which the fseces collect. 



In the male it is related inferiorly to thg bladder, vesiculse seminales, 

 vasa deferentia, prostate gland, and pelvic part of the urethra. In the 

 female it is related on the same aspect to the vulva, vagina, and uterus. 



Structure. — The wall of the rectum resembles that of the large intes- 

 tine in general (page 309), possessing serous, muscular, submucous, and 

 mucous layers. As already seen, its peritoneal investment is incom- 

 plete, its terminal portion being destitute of peritoneum, and connected 

 by loose areolar tissue to contiguous organs. In front of the anus the 

 longitudinal muscular fibres of the bowel form on each side a band that 

 passes upwards to be inserted into the coccygeal vertebrae. This, which 

 is temied the suspensory ligament of the rectum, forms a prominence at 

 the root of the tail. At the anus the last of the circular muscular fibres 

 form what is termed the internal sphincter. Developed in connec- 

 tion with the termination of the rectum are two striped muscles — the 

 sphincter ani extern us and the retractor ani. These are described at 



