INTRODUCTION 9 
passive adaptation as a process is meant the non-purposeful 
modification of an organism, species, social group or institution 
to suit it to its environment. If we differentiate the process 
further, as above, passive physical adaptation will comprise the 
process of biological evolution including permanent somatic 
differences in ethnic groups whereas passive spiritual adaptation 
will comprise the evolution of all psychic factors in the individual 
and race, and the expression of these in language, mores, laws and 
social institutions (so far as the process is non-purposeful). It 
thus comprises nearly the whole process of education, including 
moral and religious, and much of social control. By active 
adaptation is meant the purposeful modification of any organic 
or quasi-organic unity to suit it to its environment or the purpose- 
ful modification of the environment to make it favorable to the 
unity. If we differentiate further, active material adaptation 
will include the process of industrial development while active 
spiritual adaptation will comprise the purposeful adjustment of 
the individual to his spiritual environment, social, ideal and 
transcendental, the work of true teachers and social reformers and 
purposeful social control. 
Of course there are no hard and fast lines between these divi- 
sions, but the above classification will prove useful in the general 
discussion of the subject and may be represented by the following 
scheme: — 
Kinp oF ENVIRONMENT 
MODE oF % 
ADAPTATION Physical or Material Spiritual (including Social) 
¢ Biological evolution including Evolution of psychic and social fac- 
relatively permanent differ- tors and of their expression in 
ences in somatic characteris- language, mores, laws and other 
Passive  { tics of individuals in different social institutions. 
races, and development of Process of education (including 
brain and nervous system in- moral and religious). 
cluding instincts. Genetic social control. 
( Telic adjustment of the individual 
to his spiritual (including social) 
Active Industrial development. environment. 
Work of true teachers and moral 
reformers. 
Telic social control. 
