96 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
Weismannian and with him emphasizes the good of the species 
rather than that of the individual. In the former work, also, he 
traces the operation of the law of evolution and selection through 
the three stages which he names individualism, socialism and 
humanism, but in National Life from the Standpoint of Science and 
in his published lectures the emphasis is almost entirely on the 
national group in its competition with other groups. 
The contributions of Galton and Pearson to our subject may be 
summarized as follows: — 
1. Passive Physical Adaptation. They have endeavored to 
prove by the biometric method that social progress is largely by 
natural selection: e. g., that from 60 to 70 per cent of deaths are 
“ selective ”’; 1 that 12 per cent of one generation, and from those 
of inferior ability, produce 50 per cent of the next generation; ? 
that there is correlation between physical stature and race vigor 3 
and that urbanization leads to degeneration; ‘4 that “ nature ” 
is stronger than “‘ nurture ”’; > that alcoholism is not so much the 
cause as the symptom of degeneration; * that intermarriage with 
inferior races is fatal to the higher race; 7 that health and vigor are 
the best selective qualities known at present and that the best 
qualities are to a large extent correlated; ® but most important of 
all is the emphasis laid by Pearson on the importance of inter- 
group struggle and on the teaching that co-operation within 
the group is essential to make it strong in competition with 
other groups.® 
2. Active Material Adaptation. ‘The chief contribution in this 
department comes from Pearson’s Grammar of Science where he 
points out the utility of scientific training not only to increase the 
' Lecture Series, no. ii, p. 22. 2 Tbid., p. 28. 
3 Inquiries into Human Faculties, p. 22. 
4 Ibid., p. 24. Weakened, however, by the following: ‘ Sickly looking and 
puny residents in towns may have a more suitable constitution for the special 
conditions of their lives, and may in some sense be better knit and do more work 
and live longer than much haler men imported to the same locality from elsewhere.” 
5 Cf. Galton’s studies of twins, Inquiries into Human Faculties, p. 235. 
8 Memoirs, nos. x and xiii. 
7 National Life, pp. 14 f. 
8 Sociological Papers, ii, p. 50. 
® National Life, pp. 44 f. 
