ENVIRONMENTAL SCHOOL OF SOCIOLOGISTS 117 
earth is the area of most frequent race migrations, race conflicts 
and race mixtures,! yet by means of the normal frequency curve 
used especially to show the cephalic index, our author concludes 
that there are at present three distinct races, though by no means 
pure, which he designates as the Teutonic, the Mediterranean and 
the Alpine. 
The Teutonic race, occupying especially Scandinavia and 
Germany, is described as possessed of long head, long face, light 
hair, blue eyes and narrow, aquiline nose; the Alpine (Celtic) 
race as found in the Alpine highlands of central Europe, as of 
medium height and stocky in build, with round head, broad face, 
light chestnut hair, hazel-gray eyes and variable nose; while the 
Mediterranean race of Italy, Spain and Africa, is shown to be of 
medium height and slender build, with long head, long face, dark 
brown or black hair, dark eyes and rather broad nose.2 He 
believes that the first and third stand in direct descent from the 
long-headed dwellers of Europe in the Pleistocene period as rep- 
resented by the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon skulls, but that 
they came originally from Africa, the Teutonic being a differen- 
tiation from the original now represented by the Mediterranean 
race, increased stature and increased pigmentation being due to 
environmental influences together with selection, especially arti- 
ficial selection.2 He believes the Alpine race to be connected 
with the round-headed race which invaded Europe from Asia in 
this early period, at first largely displacing the long-headed race, 
but afterwards, in turn, crowded back by the latter into the less 
desirable sections, as the mountain regions; the long-headed 
people now occupying the most advantageous portions with a 
tendency to city life, while the round-headed are essentially 
country dwellers.* 
Professor Ripley considers not only the problem of race segrega- 
tion and stratification in Europe as determined by anthropomet- 
ric measurements but also the derivation of these races and their 
relation to language, nationality and culture. All the factors 
that sociologists have emphasized as causes of social progress find 
1 Races in Europe, pp. 107 ff. 3 Ibid., pp. 462 f. 
2 Tbid., p. 121. 4 Tbid., pp. 335 f., chs. XVII and XX. 
