128 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
integration of that which is taken as the social unity.1. This 
means division of labor and increasing dissimilarity in the parts 
which make up the “ social body ” and in the functions performed 
by them. 
The goal for each individual should be to find out the place in 
the social body for which he is best adapted and fit himself for 
that place The function of government is considered to be 
primarily to improve the condition of the backward members of 
the social body, and to make them fit members, to organize for 
social efficiency and well-being and to correct pathological con- 
ditions. In this task leadership rests primarily with the élite.‘ 
In his emphasis on individual and social purposeful activity, 
then, we have the chief difference between Schiffle and Spencer, 
in this approximating more nearly to Comte and Lilienfeld. He 
goes far beyond the former, however, in his analysis both of the 
structure and development of the social body, and beyond the 
latter in his use of inductive rather than merely analogical reason- 
ing with conclusions proportionately more scientific and satis- 
factory. 
J. S. MACKENZIE (1860- ) 
An Idealistic Interpretation of Social Progress 
Professor Mackenzie has not done so much to develop the 
organic concept as to analyze its meaning and rationalize its use. 
His approach to social philosophy is through Hegelianism of the 
Right and the Hegelian idealism and dialectic are evident at 
many points. 
Like Spencer and Schiaffle he believes in an inner principle of 
development but unlike them he repudiates the attempt to reduce 
this to terms of positive science. No one, perhaps, has criticized 
more cogently than he that form of utilitarianism which, as with 
Bentham, tries to evaluate pleasures and pains quantitatively, 
but he fails to appreciate the fact that there may be a utilitarian- 
ism which has an objective standard entirely different from the 
one criticized. 
1 Bau und Leben, ii, pp. 440 f. 5 Ibid., i, p. 5593 ii, pp. 194 f. 
2 [bid., i, p. 202. 4 Ibid., i, p. 435. 
