142 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
from without and this something without, — which is in fact the 
collective consciousness, —is conceived as a superior power, real 
or ideal. This conception, though natural and necessary, is 
nevertheless illusory according to our author.! 
This mechanical social solidarity, expressing itself in repressive 
right and punishment, is negative, but there is a positive social 
solidarity which expresses itself in co-operation, in division of 
labor, and co-operative law having as its psychological correlate 
the consciousness of supplementary difference. 
This elaboration of the concept of organic solidarity based on 
division of labor and consciousness of supplementary difference 
though having antecedents in Comte and Bain, is the one great 
contribution of Durkheim and supplements in a much-needed 
way the concept of consciousness of kind, the corner-stone of 
Giddings’ system. 
The function of the division of labor is not to produce civiliza- 
tion, he holds, but to give birth to groups which, without it, 
would not exist. 
It is possible that the economic utility of division of labor counts for some- 
thing in this result but in any case its social value far exceeds the sphere of 
economic interests, for it results in the establishment of a social and moral 
order sui generis. Individuals are bound together who without it would be 
independent. In place of developing separately they unite in their efforts. 
They are solidare and with a solidarity which does not reveal itself merely in 
the brief moments of exchange of services but extends much further, as for 
example in conjugal solidarity among modern nations.? 
This division of labor gives rise to ‘‘ consciousness of supple- 
mentary difference”? which has increasing importance with 
advancing civilization. Durkheim finds biological and anthro- 
pological basis for this as well as economic and psychological. 
Practically the only functional difference between the sexes at 
first, he holds, was that due to sex, and in this, too, we have the 
physiological basis of consciousness of supplementary difference; 
but with division of labor and functional differentiations came 
increasing structural changes, and pari passu increasing psy- 
chological, economic and social differentiations making ever 
greater opportunity for the play of the attractive force based on 
1 De la Division du Travail Social, pp. 107, 108. 2 Tbid., p. 63. 
