THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGISTS Is9 
he grants enough of the claims of the biological sociologists to 
warrant belief in a sufficient differential in individual and racial 
types in the line of quantity of intellectual power and quality of 
predispositions, to make a considerable difference in the relative 
strength of competing groups. 
Westermarck and Hobhouse! occupy a position midway be- 
tween Sumner and Boas, both being representatives of what might 
be called “ progressive orthodoxy.” Westermarck is most widely 
known for his defence of monogamy as the primitive form of the 
family against Morgan, Bachofen and McLennan, but it should 
also be recognized that he stands for the supremacy of motive in 
ethical evaluations as against the theory of the utilitarians.? 
Hobhouse has taken pains to criticize the neo-Darwinian 
sociologists and point out how far short this formula comes of ex- 
pressing the truth of social evolution, yet he makes large use of 
this principle in his Morals in Evolution, but even greater use 
of the principle of adaptation, and shows how in ethical devel- 
opment the process has been from the unconscious behavior of 
individuals and groups in response to needs and in accordance 
with environmental conditions, physical and social, to the 
reflective choice which characterizes the highest types of moral- 
ity. He holds, contrary to Buckle, that there has been real 
ethical progress but not, as most neo-Darwinians affirm, in 
the development of new instincts and impulses in man or in 
the disappearance of instincts that are old and bad, but rather 
in the rationalization of the moral code which, as society ad- 
vances, becomes more clearly thought out and more consistently 
applied. Nor has this ethical progress been in a straight line 
or correlated with progress along other lines as Comte assumed. 
“On the contrary,” he says, ‘‘ the very conditions of the develop- 
ment of society have in some cases been hostile to moral develop- 
ment for the time being. An advance in the arts of life may well 
I do not believe that I claim too much when I say that the whole work on this 
subject remains to be done.” Cf. Le Bon, op. cit., pp. 52 f. 
! &. Westermarck (1862-), L. T. Hobhouse (1864-). 
2 Origin and Development of Moral Ideas, i, ch. XI. 
3 Morals in Evolution, Introduction. 4 Ibid., pp. 20 f. 5 Ibid., p. 34. 
