THE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGISTS 163 
cosmic laws: (a) causation, (b) development, (c) regularity of 
development, (d) periodicity, (e) complexity, (f) reciprocal 
actions of foreign (“ heterogen’’) elements, (g) adaptation to an 
obvious end, (%) identity of forces, (z) similarity of events, 
(j) parallelism. 
The law of reciprocal action of foreign or “ heterogen ”’ ele- 
ments is especially important in Gumplowicz’s theory and he 
finds the social analogue of the original cosmic, atomic elements 
in the innumerable small, diverse groups or hordes with which 
history began.!_ He bases his conclusion concerning the multiple 
origin of races (1) on the findings of anthropologists concerning 
the physiological differences of individuals in every race and 
tribe, holding that as these are strictly hereditary they signify 
different origins;? (2) on the fundamental and irreducible differ- 
ences to be found between various languages? and (3) on the 
variety of primitive religions.‘ 
The starting point of sociology, then, is these innumerable 
primitive hordes, each with its own language, morals, religion, 
etc., each with great similarity and equality between individual 
members,® each possessed of consciousness of kind and instinctive 
hatred of every other horde or group. Increase of population 
and necessity of self-maintenance bring these groups into conflict 
resulting in the annihilation or subordination of the conquered. 
This act of enslavement introduces into the victorious group the 
element of inequality which is the starting point of social organi- 
zation and which furnishes the basis of conceptions of right and 
justice.’ 
1 Grundriss, p. 66 (Moore, pp. 78f.). 
2 Der Rassenkampf, pp. 41 £.; Grundriss, pp. 81f. Cf. also Fiske, Excursions 
of an Evolutionist, ch. V, who seems to agree with Gumplowicz. 
3 Der Rassenkampf, pp. 56 f. 
4 Ibid., pp. 137 f. 
5 Grundriss, p. 190; der Rassenkamf, p. 64. 
6 Grundriss, p. 195: ‘Es gibt kein Recht, das nicht der Ausdruck der Un- 
gleichkeit ware weil all und jedes Recht die Vermittlung ist zwischen ungleichen 
socialen Elementen, die Urspriinglich, zwangsweise herbeigefiihrte Verséhnung 
widerstreitender Interessen, welche erst durch Uebung und Gewohnheit auch die 
Sanction der neuen Sitte erlangt,” bid., p. 190. 
7 Grundriss, pp. 91 £., 135 f., 177 f., 189 f. 
