182 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
progress, the latter also for his genetic treatment of sociology by 
the “dialectic of growth,’ Drummond with emphasis on siruggle 
for the life of others and Giddings as the exponent of consciousness 
of kind. 
Apam SMITH (1723-1790) 
Fellow-Feeling v. Self-Interest 
Out of the philosophical and ethical writings of Locke, Butler, 
Hume, Hutcheson, Paley and others, — all previous to the period 
selected as the starting point for our discussion, — developed the 
two schools of egoistic and universal hedonism ! with a more or 
less positivistic and empirical basis. In Adam Smith’s Theory of 
Moral Sentiments, published in 1759, we have a compromise be- 
tween the two, both self-interest and sympathy or “‘ fellow-feel- 
ing ” being recognized as primary endowments of man. Without 
using the historic method emphasized so much later, or attaining 
the positivism of the modern period, he formulates and illustrates 
by numerous examples principles later supported by historical 
investigation. His doctrine of sympathy was given great promi- 
nence in the writings of Comte,? J. S. Mill, and Spencer, and made 
by Fiske, Nathaniel Shaler * and Giddings ‘ the key to the under- 
standing of the process of association. 
Smith’s distinction between custom and fashion ° and his dis- 
cussion of the influence of these on the individual laid the founda- 
tion for the later theories of Durkheim and Tarde; his theory of 
the part played in individual conduct by an appreciation of the 
judgment of his fellow-men ° has been elaborated by recent social 
psychologists,’ and his teaching concerning the development of 
fellow-feeling in ever-enlarging circles * is akin to James’ doctrine 
1 For egoistic or scientific hedonism, Sidgwick, Method of Ethics, pp.172. For 
universalistic hedonism, ibid., p. 411; Thilly, Introduction to Ethics, pp. 163-200. 
° It issignificant that Comte set small store by any of the classical economists save 
Smith, and this, doubtless for one reason, because of the place he gives to sympathy. 
3 Especially in The Neighbor. Shaler connects sympathy with the sense of 
touch and suggests a biological reason for this connection, ibid., pp. 32 f. 
4 With Giddings phrased ‘“‘ Consciousness of Kind.” 
5 Theory of Moral Sentiments, pt. 5, chs. I and II. 
§ Ibid., pp. 78 f., 307 f. 7 Cf. McDougall, Social Psychology, ch. VII. 
8 Theory of Moral Sentiments, pp. 217 f., 381 f. 
