198 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
from no other source. (3) Only when both these conditions are 
fulfilled, — when old social matter is particularized by an individ- 
ual and then again generalized by society, — can new accretions 
be normally made to the social content and progress be secured 
to the organization as a whole.” ! 
Professor Baldwin has contributed further to social philosophy 
by his analysis of “ sanctions” meaning by this term “all the 
reasons which are really operative on the individual, in keeping 
him at work and at play in the varied drama of life.” Of these 
there are two general classes, the personal and the social. The 
personal sanctions are classified as impulse, lower hedonic, desire, 
higher hedonic and right. The social sanctions are classified as 
natural, pedagogical and conventional, civil, and ethical and religious. 
Our author differs from many in holding that there is no real 
antagonism between the individual and the social sanctions, 
except in the case of the “ exceptional man or the exceptional 
judgments of the average man.”? “ The actual oppositions 
which do arise in his life,” says Baldwin, “are rather a propos of 
questions regarding which he finds room for discussion, and for the 
more thoroughgoing application of the intellectual sanction.” ° 
Among the most important of these sanctions, according to our 
author, are the ethical and the religious, and in the discussion of 
these, use is made of the “dialectic of growth ” and of the doctrine 
of adaptation. 
“There can be no real opposition,” says Baldwin, ‘‘ between 
society and the individual in the matter of the essential demands 
of the moral and religious consciousness. The fact of ‘ publi- 
city ’ in all religious and ethical thought makes it necessary that 
the same ideal should be erected in the individual and in the com- 
munity in which the individual is reared, since the growth of the 
ideal self-thought in the individual depends constantly upon the 
absorption of moral and religious suggestions from the social 
environment.” 4 The same is true, he holds, concerning the 
religious life, though he admits that historically there have been 
acute conflicts in the religious sphere. 
1 Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 511. 3 [bid., p. 429. 
2 Ibid., p. 424. 4 Ibid., p. 434. 
