202 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
a means of social cohesion. He accepts Tarde’s law of imitation, 
with slight modification,” and Novicow’s theory of progress from 
physical through intellectual conflicts to ever increasing har- 
mony.* Ward, too, with his emphasis on individual and social 
telesis, has left his impress, and Baldwin with his “ dialectic of 
personal growth,” has left his; 5 while Bagehot’s ‘“ discussion ” 
and “ animated moderation ” find place though under different 
phraseology. He makes large use of Darwin’s theory of natural 
selection, also, applying it to groups, ideals and institutions.® 
Giddings holds that science cannot get beyond the dualism of 
matter and mind, this being the province of philosophy.’ He is 
classed among the dualistic sociologists by Barth,® and his dis- 
tinction between the physical and psychical is, for the most part, 
so clean cut as to warrant such a classification. 
“ All the conscious activities of mankind,” according to our 
author, “spring from certain internal motives, such as passions, 
appetites, desires of various kinds, and ideas.” ® These motives 
are classified as those of appreciation giving pleasure through the 
sensory organs, and, later through mental activity; utilization 
leading to the satisfaction of the various appetites; characteriza- 
tion, leading to the satisfaction of desire for enlargement of per- 
sonal life as distinguished from mere self-preservation, and the 
primary motive of socialization or the desire for companionship, 
sympathy, etc. 
These various motives work out the processes or practical 
activities through various methods: that of appreciation through 
the methods of response to stimuli and imitation; that of utiliza- 
tion through the methods of attack, impression and invention; 
that of characterization through the methods of persistence, 
accommodation and self-control; that of socialization through the 
method of assimilation, — all of these being so many modes of the 
one universal method of conflict." 
1 Elements, pp. 194 f., 215, 353- 7 Elements, pp. 330 f. 
2 Principles, pp. 15, 102 f. 8 Op. cit., pp. 183 f. 
8 Ibid., pp. 14 £.; Elements, pp. 346 f. 9 Elements, p. 45. 
4 Principles, p. 11. 10 Tbid., pp. 46 ff. 
5 Elements, pp. 342 f. 1 Tbid., p. 50. 
® Principles, see Index. 
