FORMULAE OF SOCIAL PROGRESS 203 
Association is based on certain similarities, first, on those de- 
rived from kinship, and second, on those — mental and moral — 
due to similar brain organization! As a result of this we have 
“a similar responsiveness of two or more individuals to the same 
stimulus or stimuli,” which may be analyzed into three stages of 
development: (1) initial responsiveness, — a mere first interest 
in any object as in a momentary panic; (2) persistent responsive- 
ness which becomes a habit or fixed manner as in forms of speech 
and courtesy, and (3) rational responsiveness ‘“‘ which invokes 
the complex activity of all the powers of mind and will, and the 
varied adaptation of means to end.” ? 
We have not only these resemblances between individuals but a 
more or less articulate consciousness of them and also of dif- 
ferences. This consciousness, in its lowest form, is called organic 
sympathy and its contrary, organic antipathy? These may be 
studied in animal reactions and also in the developing mind and 
activities of the child. There are three factors in organic sym- 
pathy, according to Giddings: “ (1) like responsiveness of like 
individuals to the same stimulus; (2) like sensations received by 
like individuals from self and others ; (3) the readier imitation of 
one another by like individuals than by those who greatly differ.” 4 
The second factor is illustrated as follows: “‘ The sound made by 
the mother’s voice has been like that made by the child’s own 
voice; while the sounds made by the dog and bird have been 
unlike those made by the child’s own voice. When the infant 
puts his hands together or passes them over his face, he receives 
in his brain certain sensations of pressure. When he passes his 
hands over his mother’s face and over her hands, he again re- 
ceives sensations of pressure; and they are very like the sensations 
that he has received from his own body.” * The third factor finds 
illustration in the facility with which imitation operates among 
the like-minded and the difficulty with which it operates between 
antagonistic individuals or groups. 
1 Elements, p. 55. 
2 Ibid., p. 56; cf. Inductive Sociology, pt. 2, ch. I. 
3 Elements, pp. 59 f. 
4 Tbid., p. 62. 5 Tbid., p. 60. 
