206 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
predominate over rational like-mindedness. Conversely, social 
institutions are liberal, allowing the utmost freedom of thought 
and action to the individual only in those communities in which 
there is a high development of rational like-mindedness.”’ ! 
A second law enforcing his thesis that highly-developed con- 
sciousness of kind of a relative homogeneous population is neces- 
sary for the success of a democracy, is as follows: “ The forms of 
social organization, whether political or other, in their relation 
to the individual, are necessarily coercive if, in their membership, 
there is great diversity of kind and great inequality. Conversely, 
institutions or other forms of social organization can be liberal, 
conceding the utmost freedom to the individual if, in the popula- 
tion, there is fraternity and, back of fraternity, an approximate 
mental and moral equality.” ? 
Efficiency in social organization is measured by benefit con- 
ferred on the members and depends upon moral qualities, together 
with a recognition of the value of expert knowledge (the basis of 
effective division of labor). The results of such efficiency of 
social organization are seen “in the economic, intellectual, and 
moral life of the community, and especially in the development of 
an improving type of human personality.”’4 This means the 
emancipation of man from fear and superstition, decrease of 
emotionalism and impulsive action, and increase of rational sym- 
pathy and purposeful co-operation. “If... man is becoming 
ever better as a human being, more rational, more sympathetic, 
with an ever-broadening consciousness of kind,— then, whatever 
its apparent defects, the social organization is sound and effi- 
cient.”’ 5 
The socius is thus the social unit for Giddings and the social 
mind is nothing more than the interaction or organization of 
individual minds.* Taking his point of departure from English 
associational psychology, in sociology the association of minds is 
substituted for the association of ideas.’ 
1 Elements, p. 219. 2 Tbid., p. 221. 
3 Ibid., pp. 225, 226; cf. Inductive Sociology, pp. 449 f. 
4 Elements, p. 227. 5 [bid., p. 230. 
8 Tbid., pp. 119 f.; Principles, pp. 420 f. 
1 Principles, p. 25; Barth, of. cit., p. 183. 
