FORMULAE OF SOCIAL PROGRESS 207 
Giddings has contributed to the development of the doctrine of 
passive adaptation by his analysis of the psychological basis of 
association, imitation and antagonism in so far as they are merely 
automatic, organic reactions along the line of least resistance and 
utility not only for the individual but for the group. He has 
contributed to the development of the doctrine of active adapta- 
tion by his insistence on the scientific distinction between man 
and society, both endowed with self-determined will, and the 
lower orders determined by forces from without; also by his anal- 
ysis of the social process culminating in reflective sympathy, 
rational like-mindedness, and social will.! He gives to ideals and 
religion a far higher place than most whom we have considered 
and leaves the reader buoyed up by his manifest faith in the pos- 
sibility of social reconstruction.? 
Giddings is open to criticism in that he makes the individual the 
sociological unit, that his test of progress is individualistic and 
too indefinite, and that he has over-emphasized the one factor of 
consciousness of kind to the neglect or slighting of other factors 
equally important. 
1 Inductive Sociology, pt. 2, ch. IV, “‘ Concerted Volition,” also pp. 265 f. 
2 Principles, Book 4, chs. III and IV. 
