INVENTION AND PRODUCTION 239 
ogy which is very important in his social philosophy, especially 
the theory of psycho-physical parallelism in so far as it asserts 
that energy derived from metabolism must find expression in some 
other form of activity, — muscular, intellectual or emotional, — 
which theory is the basis of his doctrine of surplus energy.! 
The development of social forces according to Patten is not 
due entirely to an objective environment to which the organism 
must adapt itself, perish, or move to a new environment, but to a 
subjective environment made up of forms of thought and ideals,? 
which crystallize into knowledge and belief,? and ultimately find 
expression in customs, habits, social institutions and race ideals.‘ 
The change from one environment to another, demanding a 
change in habits, beliefs and ideals, is fraught with great danger.® 
Extension of knowledge comes through organic reactions first 
to sense of touch, then to vibrations in the surrounding medium 
through sensations of light, sound and smell. Fear is the first 
sensation which a perception of these vibrations creates, — and 
fear is usually connected with moving objects. The recogni- 
tion of the world as an aggregate of materials shifts the interest 
from pains to pleasures, with a corresponding increase of knowl- 
edge. Soon the distinction is drawn between the natural and 
the supernatural, the former connected with pleasure, the 
latter with pain. ‘“‘ The growth of knowledge is not due to 
developed men coming in contact with more of nature. It is due 
to beings of limited sensory powers gradually increasing their 
powers as they are forced to know nature more intimately or to 
come in contact with larger areas of the world. Each new 
requisite for survival has caused the development of some new 
sensory power, and has thus created an area of knowledge in- 
dependent of the older areas, and in no logical connection with 
them. Knowledge comes by leaps and bounds when a new 
environment with new requisites for survival is entered.” ? 
1 Theory of Social Forces, pp. 26 f.,64; Heredity and Social Progress, chs. XI, 
XVI; Theory of Prosperity, ch. XI; Annals, American Academy Political and Social - 
Science (1897) p. 34. 
2 Theory of Social Forces, p. 54. 5 Tbid., p. 56, ch. IV. 
3 Tbid., pp. 49 ff. § Tbid., p. 60. 
4 Ibid., pp. 53, 119. 7 Ibid., p. 63. 
