242 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
trast between a pain and a pleasure economy is reflected also in 
religion, the former being linked with a religion of fear, sacrifice, 
etc., the latter with a religion of love, worship and service. 
Professor Patten finds that the classical economists, in fact 
nearly all up to the present, have built theories on a pain or 
deficit economy and he pleads now for a reconstruction of eco- 
nomic theory based on a pleasure or surplus economy. He holds, 
also, that the practical problems of social science can be solved 
only by increasing the surplus of the mass of wage earners and by 
guiding them in wise consumption. The surplus in the case of 
the rich should be drawn off in social service.! 
Passive adaptation, both material and spiritual, finds large 
place in Patten’s social philosophy especially in his early writings. 
Nearly all of his Theory of Social Forces and Heredity and Social 
Progress is from this point of view, so, too, much of his Theory 
of Prosperity. The key-note of The New Basis of Civilization 
and Reconstruction of Economic Theory, however, is active adap- 
tation. The resources of nature under man’s control should 
provide for all his increasing needs.? Surplus and leisure for the 
lower classes will lead to culture and efficiency * and tend to break 
down social classes and distinctions. Reflective morality, ideali- 
zation, and religion are needed to inspire to productivity, self- 
control, efficient consumption, and social service, and social 
contro! has a most important function in bringing about such an 
industrial and social reorganization as shall make widespread the 
surplus that tends to issue in growth, variation, pleasure, ideali- 
zation and progress.® 
The law of rhythm as manifested in the phenomenon of growth 
and decay in nations is not necessary according to our author, but 
it can be prevented from operating only on the condition that 
consumption is controlled with reference to future efficiency. 
“ The normal man seeks to establish a direct relation between his 
consumption and production, and forms of consumption that do 
not result in the creation of surplus energy are dissipation and 
hinder him in his struggle for existence and superiority. The 
1 Theory of Prosperity, p. 168. 
2 The New Basis of Civilization, ch. I. 
3 Ibid., pp. 63, 156, 160 f. * Tbid., ch. IV. 5 Ibid., ch. VIII. 
