INVENTION AND PRODUCTION 261 
serviceable to the group.! “ Hearty ” co-operation between an 
employer and his employees has proven to result in increased 
production. An employer who is interested merely in output may 
introduce a system of profit-sharing or welfare work with the sole 
purpose of securing increased dividends, another employer may be 
interested in his men as fellow human beings and co-workers in 
increasing the well-being of the community and sovereign group, 
and work directly to foster this spirit of co-operation. Surely this 
latter attitude on the part of an employer is a desirable quality to 
emphasize and the one having such an attitude is on the whole 
more apt to secure the co-operation of his employees than the one 
who does not have it. To be sure the important thing is the 
result, —but to emphasize the worth of the attitude or motive and 
the duty of having such an attitude would seem to be of some 
intrinsic value. 
(5) His psychological analyses are not satisfactory. The 
individual is always set over against other individuals or groups 
with emphasis on conscious conflict of interests and a solution of 
the conflict is sought on the basis of rational self-interest.? 
Modern social psychologists, as Baldwin, McDougall, Dewey, 
Ellwood e¢ al., have shown how the self-regarding sentiment 
expands to include other individuals in such a way as to prevent 
the consciousness of conflict, or to reduce it to a minimum through 
co-operation for the attainment of a common purpose. There is 
not ordinarily such a cold calculation of interests as assumed. 
Most responses of the ego are to interests which are either in- 
stinctive or developed by social experience and education. These 
responses are for the most part automatic rather than reflective 
and controlled by social impulses, by a sense of duty, by regard 
for public opinion and other motives working to a very large 
extent below the threshold of consciousness. 
(6) The theory in question does not make sufficient place for 
rational imitation, individual and social, as a method of social 
advance, nor for the possibility of race-stock improvement by 
this method linked with social control? If our interest is in 
1 Essays in Social Justice, p. 4. 3 Mentioned, however, Essays, ch. V. 
2 Jbid., ch. III. 
