272 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
The political struggle is rooted largely in physiological and 
economic interests, though later it enters the mental realm and 
has for its purpose religious coercion. The unit in this struggle 
is always the territorial group. Inter-group conflicts are held 
to have two fundamental purposes: (1) group aggrandisement or 
group safety on the one hand and (2) so-called rights either 
national or international on the other. 
The intellectual struggle 1 comes relatively late and is closely 
related to the political, i. e., that nation will win out in the long 
run which has the language that best facilitates intercourse; that 
knowledge which makes possible the greatest production, hence 
gives industrial supremacy; that literature which is most inspir- 
ing and most successful in securing the ‘‘ sympathy ” of members 
of other nations; that philosophy which gives the most exact 
concept of the cosmic order and that religion which is most potent 
in expanding ideas.? 
As feeling (le sentiment) is a most important element in struggle 
and adaptation, this psychological factor is analyzed at some 
length, but here, as in some other places, Novicow fails to be 
convincing because of his hedonistic psychology with its whole 
emphasis on the motives of pleasure-seeking and pain-avoiding. 
As with Ward, feeling is a “social force” though not labelled thus, 
and is the dynamic in social attraction and expansion. 
All the cultural elements, together with those social character- 
istics which give zest to life, are most potent in making the 
winning group. 
It is by the totality of moral and intellectual qualities; by the power of 
seduction; by means of a high culture, artistic development, enthusiastic 
interest in the researches of science and the speculations of philosophy, that 
make a country interesting and evoke a sympathetic response in its neigh- 
bors. Nowsucha people attracts strangers. The stranger carries over new 
ideas and stirs the intellectual movement. This movement favors philos- 
ophical speculation. A good philosophical method contributes to the ad- 
vancement of the sciences. Science leads to the improvement of technique 
and to the perfecting of social institutions. In turn these two factors 
[moral and intellectual] increase riches and riches create political power.‘ 
1 Les Luttes, pp. 96 ff. 3 Ibid., pp. 112 ff., 164 f. 
2 Tbid., pp. 96 f. 4 Ibid., p. 120. 
