274 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
and then assimilation comes by imitation. It is of greatest 
importance, for example, that the ruler of such a conglomerate 
state as Austria-Hungary should have such personal magnetism 
as to win the affection and loyalty of the people whether Magyar, 
Italian, German, Jew or Slav. With personal prestige he can 
win not only by encouraging the spread of culture among the 
aliens, but even more by personal example exercised first on his 
friends but ultimately on all throughout the realm. 
Justice in all dealings with subject groups is also a supreme 
requisite in assimilation, and the granting of large civil and 
political rights.? 
Passing to an analysis of the successive phases in the develop- 
ment of social consciousness our author shows that just as in- 
dividual consciousness arises out of struggle and the rupture of 
mental equilibrium, this rupture resulting either in pleasure or 
pain,’ so social consciousness arises only in the presence of the 
unusual and “ startling.”” Psychic pleasures, he holds, are far 
higher and more enduring than physiological, hence culture in its 
varied forms is most important for a group, — and culture tends 
to be made incarnate in human institutions. 
The human body is a totality of organs of service to the psychic life of the 
brain. Society is a totality of institutions of service for intellectual produc- 
tion. This production is the end of the life of societies and naturally takes 
first place in national consciousness. In civilized societies the savants, 
philosophers, religious innovators, authors and artists are in the first rank. 
Their glory far transcends that of the rich and the men of state.* 
Novicow shows that social consciousness up to the present has 
been developed largely by wars and conquests but that it is 
possible to have as a social goal the expansion of nationalism by 
intellectual conquest, — by the attractive power of a culture that 
1“ Pour étre aimé, il faut étre aimable. Aussi, sur ce terrain, le dominateur 
ne peut agir que par ses qualités personnelles. S’il est intelligent, noble de char- 
actére, loyal, fier, avec cela affable, séduisant, bref s’il a ce prestige magique que 
donne la supériorité morale, il exerce un grand attrait sur son entourage . . . mais 
les sentiments se manifestent aussi dans les sociétés par le cérémonial et les moeurs. 
Ici a dominateur peut agir de nouveau par des mesures législatives, mais naturelle- 
ment son action la plus puissante s’exerce par l’exemple.” — Les Lutes, p. 1493 
cf. pp. 288 f. 
2 Tbid., pp. 290 f. 3 Ibid., pp. 159 f. 4 Ibid., p. 166. 
