ACTIVE SOCIAL ADAPTATION 275 
evokes sympathy because it promises the highest joys of life. 
But to raise inter-group conflict to this peaceful, intellectual plane, 
there must first be a general recognition of the fact that power 
comes from wealth and wealth from intelligence and morality.? 
Success in the inter-group struggle for existence is thus dependent 
on psychic factors, — but so is it also, according to our author, 
among animals. 
Beings possessed of a brain have triumphed over those which did not have 
one. At the moment when animals appeared on the earth endowed with a 
nervous system, they formed some conception of the universe. It is thus 
possible to say that struggle between species is at bottom a struggle between 
different conceptions of the universe.? 
Almost no one today would agree with Novicow in thus 
attributing to the lower orders a power of abstraction so potent 
in the struggle for life. A life philosophy is potent, however, in 
the social struggle. India and China, for example, can never 
become progressive so long as they are dominated the one by 
mysticism, the other by ancestor worship. 
As adaptation is synonymous with intelligence, according to our 
author, and as intelligence is continually increasing, we have in 
this fact a test of progress. Indeed this increase of intelligence 
is progress. The connection between intellectual progress, 
struggle and adaptation is expressed thus: — 
The more perfect a species becomes the more the individuals composing 
it multiply (human beings, for example, are far more numerous than other 
mammals), and the greater is the rivalry. The more violent the conflict, 
the more rapid are the physiological and psychological changes because of 
the importance for success of each point of advantage. That is, progress is 
in direct ratio to competition.® 
Novicow sounds a new note in sociological discussion in his 
doctrine that the way for a society to preserve its national type 
is through imitation. 
1 Les Luttes, pp. 178 £. 2 Tbid., p. 182. 3 [bid., p. 188. 
4 Or, comme adaptation est synonyme d’intelligence, on voit que c’est en vertu 
des lois universelles de la nature, que l’intelligence va toujours en s’accroissant. 
Cet accroissement s’appelle le progrés. — Ibid., p. 188. 
5 Ibid., p.189. This is a misstatement, for as Spencer has shown, reproduction 
decreases with biological evolution. 
