286 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
his economies ” and with much-needed repairs of the Monastery 
itself. Material rubbish is cleared away, — and spiritual rubbish 
as well! 
Faithful in his immediate tasks at St. Edmundsbury, he is 
equally faithful to his king in time of war and to his country as a 
member of Parliament in times of peace. Thus, “ by the heavenly 
Awe that overshadows earthly business, does Samson, readily in 
those days, save St. Edmund’s Shrine, and innumerable still 
more precious things! ” 
“ By heavenly Awe! ” — for Carlyle ranks as vital in the great 
man and his power, religious conviction, — and by religion, he 
means, “ the thing a man does practically lay to heart, and know 
for certain”; or again: “the manner in which he feels himself 
to be spiritually related to the unseen world or no world.” ! 
Personality, then, is the key to Carlyle’s social philosophy, — a 
personality born a genius and developed by faithfulness in ap- 
prenticeship tasks, thus learning to guide others; — “ faithful 
over few things” rewarded by being made “ruler over many 
things.” The supreme need of every nation in every age accord- 
ing to him, is the willingness and the machinery for selecting as 
leaders the one born and trained to rule. And finding such he 
should be clothed with authority by the powers of earth, fortified 
with belief that this authority is also of God, so that he may be 
able to compel as well as merely lead. 
In early times, such great men were heroes and worshipped as 
such, —and Carlyle would bring back that day, turning aside 
from all pretense of democracy for an aristocracy of the truly 
great. 
WittiaM James (1842-1910) 
The Energies of Men 
Standing almost alone among the galaxy of great thinkers and 
writers whom we have passed in review, William James was a 
firm believer in unconditioned freedom of the will, at least in some 
small degree. His starting point for philosophical thought is the 
experience of life with all its contradictions; and unlike the 
1 Heroes and Hero Worship, p. 6, Lecture II. 
