318 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
feeling and volition as to warrant the application of such terms as 
social organism, social consciousness and even social personality. 
The next line of development considered was through those 
social philosophers who had emphasized an inductive study of the 
social process, dividing the writers into three groups: the an- 
thropological, dealing largely with primitive man and the begin- 
nings of social evolution, the historical, endeavoring to analyze 
the forces at work in the progress of civilization and trace the 
causal nexus, and another group attempting to explain social 
evolution in terms of some one law or principle. We noted the 
large use of the concept of adaptation by Sumner and Boas, the 
one interpreting social progress almost entirely in terms of natural 
selection, the other, in terms of environmental influences, and 
showed how useful this concept had been in explaining ethnic and 
social origins. We saw how Gumplowicz by his teaching con- 
cerning progress by inter-group conflict and cross-fertilization of 
cultures, and Ratzenhofer by his theory of interests had enriched 
our knowledge of progressive social adaptation, and finally how 
through the contributions of the third group of writers we had 
been enabled to understand the process of association and 
integration within each society. 
As a net result of our study of the phenomena of association up 
to this point, we have reached the concept of society as a psycho- 
logical organization with some sort of self-consciousness and will, 
revealed at least on occasion; we have seen how societies are 
evolved, on the one hand, by such inner forces and processes as 
social and sexual selection, division of labor, consciousness of kind 
and consciousness of supplementary difference, sympathy, mutual 
aid, suggestion, imitation and social constraint, — by a process, 
that is, of inner co-adaptation (largely passive), and we have 
noted, on the other hand how such societies are evolved by a 
process of progressive adjustment to their geographical and super- 
organic environments by natural selection and acclimation, 
by inter-group contacts and conflicts, by racial and cultural 
assimilation and amalgamation, by social suggestion, imitation 
and constraint, —by a process, that is, of outer adaptation, —and 
this, too, largely passive. 
