SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 319 
Tn all our discussion, however, while chief stress has been laid on 
progress by these non-purposeful reactions between societies and 
between societies and their constituent units, the function of 
individual and social purposeful activity has been brought to 
view, especially in the theories of Baldwin and Giddings with 
emphasis on the social goal of “ the evolution of personality 
through ever higher stages until it attains to the ideal that we 
name humanity.’ 
With a brief discussion of some of the factors that enter into the 
transition from matter to mind, from unconscious to purposeful 
activity, —from passive to active adaptation, — with special 
attention to Fiske’s theory of “ prolongation of infancy,” we 
turned to a consideration of the social theories of some who had 
stressed purposeful activity as expressed in active material 
adaptation. We noted Ward’s contributions concerning material 
achievement, individual and social telesis, and the power of 
“nurture ” as contrasted with “ nature.”” We considered Pat- 
ten’s theory of “ pain-pleasure-creative economy ” with well- 
being measured in terms of health, wealth and culture, and 
reviewed at length the social theory of Carver with a criticism 
of his “ gospel of the productive life.” We saw that with him the 
goal of cosmic evolution was the super-group possessing the earth 
by virtue of its greater group efficiency, this efficiency, in turn, 
being measured by the sum of the efficiency of the individual 
members as properly organized, directed and controlled. 
Having considered with these writers the fundamental need of 
active material adaptation we turned to a discussion of active 
spiritual adaptation and reviewed at length the social philosophy 
of Novicow as revealed in Les Luttes, bringing out his four-fold 
1 Giddings, Principles of Sociology, p. 421. Ellwood phrases the goal as follows: 
“The goal and purpose of our life . . . is not self-realization, but the progressive 
realization of a society of harmoniously adjusted individuals.’’ — Sociology in its 
Psychological Aspects, p. 393. According to Mackenzie, the social goal includes 
three elements: the subjugation of nature, the perfection of social machinery and 
personal development including self-restraint. ‘‘ What we want,” he says, “is 
not a universe in which we may enjoy ourselves, but a universe that shall be inter- 
esting, i.e., one to which we may devote ourselves, and in devotion to which we 
may find the realization of a higher life than that of our individual selves.” — 
Introduction to Social Philosophy, ch. IV. 
