322 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 
taking precedence over those of the “ included ” groups, requiring 
sacrifice on the part of these smaller unities. The individual must 
at times deny his physiological and egoistic interests! for the 
satisfaction of his racial and social interests as represented 
in his family; and the welfare of the family and its constituent 
members must at times be sacrificed for the social interest as 
represented in the state. This problem of conflicting interests 
between individuals and groups finds a solution as soon as all can 
be united in the attainment of a common purpose. War does this 
temporarily, and Novicow has suggested the possibility of union 
for cultural expansion, but this is a far distant goal. Now organ- 
ization, it would seem, offers the desired remedy. There is no 
friction in the perfect organism. The individual is able to 
organize his various interests, — often conflicting, —by making 
them all tributary to the attainment of a life purpose. Such is 
the power of personality. Just in proportion, too, as various 
social unities attain quasi-personality will such organization of 
interests be possible as shall reduce friction to a minimum. 
Social evolution seems to be aiming not only at the develop- 
ment of groupings of ever increasing size and complexity but also 
of ever increasing integration and organization which means 
specialization on the part of the various unities that make up the 
whole.? In the human personality we have the highest type both 
of integration and of specialization with this difference between it 
and all other unities: The biological organism is constituted of 
parts that have no value except in relation to the well-being of the 
whole, thus specialization is entirely subordinated to the need of 
organic adaptation. In all social unities, however, as Spencer 
insisted, the individual has value on his own account. He is an 
end, not merely a means. The organization of group interests, 
then, and the demand for specialization on the part of the con- 
stituent members must be carried on with due regard for this 
worth of personality, — and so it is in the long run, for the group 
that does not follow this procedure is doomed to fail. 
1 Following Ratzenhofer’s classification. 
? There seems to be a limit, however, to this movement, noted especially of 
late in industry. 
