PERMANENT PASTURE. 47 
on the other hand must the under drains be placed too deep, 
nor so far apart that the water lies dormant, and renders the 
land partially water slain, which as before mentioned is fatal to 
all plant life. 
Having planned and laid the drains as they should be, 
fenced and ditched where necessary, our next consideration is 
cultivation. 
In the early autumn the surface must be well broken by 
steam, or horse power, and the large clods gradually reduced 
by each successive working, until late in the autumn you will 
find you have either killed all the obnoxious grasses and weeds, 
or you will have worked them on to the surface where they can 
be allowed to remain until the first favourable opportunity 
after Christmas, when an experienced ploughman, with 
skimmers on the plough, will plough the land and bury 
everything. 
With the March winds the land becomes thoroughly dry, 
and a light roll may be run over it, followed by seed harrows 
with thick and short teeth which cause thousands of annuals 
to appear. Continue this process at short intervals (sometimes 
as many as three and four times) until the stock of annuals 
seems exhausted. About the middle of April advantage may 
be taken of the first spring showers to sow seeds. These 
should be sown in two sowings, the first lengthwise of the 
field, the second across, no part of the land being missed. 
‘The land should then be thoroughly horse hoed, every part 
being cut, and this is followed by the seed harrows. The 
‘surface is then carefully scanned and any objectionable weeds, 
roots, or seedlings removed. The surface drains are cleared, 
and it will not be found amiss to provide the drain slusher with 
a bag of seeds to sow on any part of the layer which he may be 
compelled to disturb, or that he is of opinion would be 
benefited by a little further sowing. As soon as the surface is 
dry enough, roll down the land, and all will have been done 
