enty gallons a day. This quantity is placed in shallow earthen vessels, to throw 

 up the cream in the usual manner ; this cream is churned, and the butter sold." 

 The skimmed milk, it is added, as well as the buttermilk, are, as is usual in 

 ? English dairies, given to the pigs. 



NEW-YORK DAIRY MANAGEMENT. 



In contrast to the above, we here insert some remarks more immediately ap- 

 plicable to the management of the New- York Dairies, from Hartley's Essay on 

 Mile, published in New- York in the year 1842 : 



" The manner of producing milk to supply the inhabitants of cities and other 

 populous places is so contrary to our knowledge of the laws which govern thean- 

 imal economy, that from a bare statement of the facts, any intelligent mind might 

 confidently anticipate the evils which actually result from it. The natural. and 

 healthy condition of the Cows appears, for the most part, to be utterly disregard- 

 ed. They are literally crowded together in large numbers ia filthy pens, which 

 at once deprives them of adequate exercise and pure air, both of which are indis- 

 pensably essential to their health. Instead of being supplied with food suited to 

 the masticatory and digestive organs of herbivorous and ruminant animals, they 

 are most generally treated as if omnivorous ; and their stomachs are gorged with 

 any description of aliment, however unhealthy, which can be most easily and 

 cheaply procured, and will produce the greatest quantity of milk. Thus, m the 

 ricinities of the cities of New- York and Brooklyn, in America, and indeed 

 wherever grain distilleries abound, either in this country or in Europe, distillery- 

 slop is extensively used.* In London and other places where breviers' grains can 

 be obtained, they are in great requisition for milk-dairies ; while in grape-grow- 

 ing countries, the refuse of the grape is used for the same purpose, and with ef- 

 fects as pernicious as those produced by the dregs of the distillery. Besides these 

 unhealthy aliments, in other cases decayed vegetables, and the sour and putrid 

 offals and remnants of kitchens, are in populous places carefully gathered up as 

 food for milch Cows. As might be expected, the cattle, under this most unnatural 

 management, become diseased, and the lactescent secretions not only partake of the 

 same nature, but are impure, unhealthy, and innutritious. Yet this milk is the 

 chief aliment of children in all places where the population is condensed in great 

 numbers ; it is the nourishment chosen and relied upon to develop the physical 

 powers and impart vigor to the constitution during the most feeble and critical 

 period of human life, when the best possible nourishment is especially necessary 

 m order to counteract the injurious effects of the infected air and deficient exer- 

 cise, which are often inseparable from the conditions of a city life. 



" So few are the exceptions to these modes of producing and using milk under 

 the circumstances named, that they may be said to be nearly universal, both in 

 this and in most other countries.* And when it is recollected that in the United 

 States about one-third of the population live in masses, and in Europe a vastly 

 greater proportion, some adequate idea may be formed of the extent to which the 

 evils consequent upon the use of an essential but an unhealthy article of food, 

 prevail." .... 



" But slop alone, as food for fattening cattle, is of little value. On such unnat- 

 ural alinient they become diseased and emacialed. Cows plentifully supplied 

 with it, may yield abundance of milk ; but it is notorious that the article thus 

 produced is so defective in the properties essential to good milk, that it cannot be 

 converted into butter or cheese, of course is good for nothing — except to sell. But 

 in country places milk cannot be turned to account in' this way for there ate no 

 buyers, and as slop.is not in request for stock or dairies, if the distiller would find 

 the most advantageous market for it, he must conduct his operations in the vi- 

 cinity of populous places. This, we repeat, is one among other reasons why 

 such localities are desired. He finds it less profitable to fatten swine upon slop, 

 on account of the risk of killing them to his own detriment, than to have it fed to 

 human beings through the agency of the dairyman." .... 



" It has been estimated, after careful inquiry, that about ten thousand Cows in 

 the city of New- York and neighborhood, are most inhumanly condemned to sub- 

 net on the residuum or slush of this grain, after it has undergone a chemical 



* Distillery-slop is the refuse of grain diffused tlirough water after it has undei^on^ a chemical change, th& 

 alcohol and farina being extracted by the processes of fermentation and distillation. 



