68 HORTirULTURAL MAN'UAL. 



usual with the Mahaleb. As to the apple we have no 

 nearly allied native species for use as stocks, as practice 

 has shown that the cultivated varieties do not make a 

 good union with any species of our native apple. But in 

 the Northwest, where common seedling stocks are liable 

 to root-killing, the use of the Siberian cherry crab is 

 promising, as the union by budding seems to be good, 

 especially with the hardy northern varieties. The use of 

 Siberian stocks for budding has solved the question of 

 root-killing in the northern apple-growing regions of 

 Russia. We also have at the North hardy prepotent varie- 

 ,ties of the apple, such as Duchess, Hibernal, and Anis, 

 the seeds of which develop strong, hardy seedlings which 

 may be used for stocks. Farther south, as noted in sec- 

 tion 4, vigorous hardy seedlings can be grown from small 

 apples, such as Gilpin, Milam, and small seedling varie- 

 ties, while the imperfect seeds of commercial apple culls 

 sent to the cider-press should be avoided in stock-growing. 

 72. Summer-budding. — "What is known as summer- 

 budding is now employed on a mammoth scale in the 

 larger nurseries in the propagation of fruit-trees, orna- 

 mental trees, roses, and many shrubs. The work at the 

 North is done at the close of the spring season of growth 

 with buds cut as used that are mature. The intention is 

 to secure the union of the buds without growth the first 

 season. If inserted too early on vigorous growing stocks, 

 the buds are often overgrown, and there is danger of 

 starting a soft growth that will perish the next winter. 

 In waiting for the best time a brief dry period may tighten 

 the bark. In this case the dirt is scraped aside and the 

 buds are inserted lower down where the bark separates 

 later in the season. At the West this very low budding is 

 most satisfactory, as when set in orchards four or five 

 inches deeper than they stood in nursery the point of 



