tEUKING OP TREES AND OEXAIIBNTALS. 139 



growth, or on the ends or sides of the preceding year's 

 growth. 



153. Pruning and Shaping Evergreens. — The varieties 

 and species with upright habit of growth and upright 

 leader, such as the spruce and fir, should have a low, quite 

 broad base and symmetric form of top. In transplanting 

 on the lawn from the nursery the most perfectly developed 

 side should be turned to the south. This side, which in 

 nursery has had the most light and air, usually needs, 

 when planting, some shortening of the points of growth. 

 The after care will be in the way of pinching too vigorous 

 points of growth as observed, and if the leader is broken 

 off by sleet or stock, provide another upright point by 

 turning up a side shoot and tying it to the stub. With a 

 little continued care in merely pinching terminal buds the 

 required form can soon be established. The species that 

 do not form leaders, such as tlie hemlock, only need atten- 

 tion in the way of equalizing growth by pinching project- 

 ing points of extension,, especially on the north side. 



154. Pruning Ornamental Hedges and Screens. — The 

 lawn hedge on the border or beside a walk must show 

 uniformity of outline and thickness of base. The only 

 durable forms are those with broad base and an approach 

 to conical form, as shown in Pigs. 60 and 61. The orna- 



FiG. 60. Fig. 61. Tig. 63. 



Figures 60 and 61 give correct form of hedge. Figure 62 will not 



give favorable results. 



mental hedge with perpendicular sides is a failure in a few 

 years. Even in California, where privet hedges were 

 usually trained as shown in Fig. 62 a few years ago are 



