20 FOREST PRODUCTS 



000,000. The principal forms are shown in a report of the War Indus- 

 tries Board, as follows: 



RELATIVE VALUE OF KINDS OF PAPER PRODUCED 



Kind. Value. 



Newsprint paper , $136,000,000 



Book papers 125,000,000 



Paper boards 156,000,000 



Fine writing paper 142,000,000 



Wrapping papers 89,000,000 



Miscellaneous papers 132,000,000 



Total $780,000,000 



In the production of paper and paper products we use annually, 

 9,230,000 tons of coal, 21,619,200 gal. of oil and 1,287,000 tons of chem- 

 icals. The per capita consumption of paper in the United States is 

 annually about 100 lbs. 



HISTORY OF PULP AND PAPERMAKING 



Although the Egyptians are sometimes given credit for the earliest 

 development in the manufacture of paper, more recent research has 

 developed the fact that the Chinese must be credited with the first man- 

 ufacture of paper. The art of papermaking was known in China long 

 before the Christian era. It is likely that the art of papermaking 

 was transmitted from China across India to Persia and Arabia. It 

 is known that the Saracens carried the practice of the art to Spain 

 after their conquest of that country in the 8th century. The industry 

 was gradually developed, but spread very slowly through Europe. 

 From Spain it went to Italy where a paper mill was first operated at 

 Fabriano in the year 1150. This became an important center for 

 papermaking and it is said that paper is still made there at the present 

 time. The first paper mill in France was established in 1189; in Ger- 

 many in 1390; and the date of 1330 is given as the time of the first paper 

 mill in England. 



The introduction and development of papermaking machinery was 

 very slow, because of the current opposition to all forms of labor-saving 

 machinery during the Middle Ages. Forms of paper made in the earliest 

 paper mills in England are still extant and it is generally accepted that 

 the very best kinds of paper were made on the old-fashioned hand presses 

 in the earliest days. In this country early records show that the first 

 paper mill was established in 1690 by William Rittenhouse near Phil- 



