28 FOREST PRODUCTS 



of the total amount reduced — 5,228,558 cords — over one-half, or 2,856,122 

 cords, were reduced by the sulphite process. This process was applied 

 chiefly to spruce, hemlock, balsam fir and white fir. 



The mechanical process was used with nearly 30 per cent of the total 

 supply and was applied chiefly to spruce, and to a much less extent, to 

 hemlock, balsam fir and pine and aspen. 



The soda process is largely applied to poplar or aspen, pine and hard- 

 woods. Of the total amount of pulpwood made in this country nearly 

 14 per cent is reduced by the soda method. 



I Only about 3 per cent of our wood pulp is made by the sulphate 

 process. It has been introduced and passed the experimental stage in 

 connection with Douglas fir on the Pacific coast and southern yellow pine 

 in the South. It has enormous possibilities for the future and it is 

 likely that it will be applied to a large number of woods now little used 

 for pulp purposes. 



The table 1 on page 29 shows the quantity of wood consumed by 

 species and processes of manufacture for 19 16. 



RAW MATERIAL 



Raw material for the manufacture of pulp comes to the mill in a great 

 variety of forms, chief of which are the following: 



1. Lo^s. In the past much of the raw material was delivered to the 

 pulp mills in the form of logs, but this is being superseded by delivery 

 in shorter lengths. 



2. Bolts. A large share of material is now delivered in a form of 

 4-ft. bolts, either in the peeled condition or with the bark still on. 



3. Chips. For sulphite pulp some of the pulp mills are pressing their 

 material in the baled form or in the loose state in carload lots. 



4. Sawmill Waste. Considerable hemlock and spruce slabs and 

 edgings are now being received in larger quantities from year to year. 

 This is especially true in West Virginia, Maine, Pennsylvania and 

 Wisconsin. 



Logging and Transportation. 



It is estimated that about 80 per cent of the pulp companies own their 

 own standing timber. Up to the present time, the conventional method 

 has been to send logging crews in the woods in the late summer or early 

 fall to put up the annual supply of pulpwood. When logging is done 



' Taken from Pulpwood Consumption, etc., 1916, by Smith and Helphenstine, U. S. 

 Forest Service, unnumbered circular. 



