LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv 



FIG. 



PAGE 



74. Hauling Douglas fir ties to the landing or chute with the "go-devil" 283 



75. Ties hauled from i to 3 miles by wagon to the landing at the flume. Western 



Montana 285 



76. Loading ties from barges to cars at Metropolis, Illinois 287 



77. Conventional methods of piling cross-ties 289 



78. Jlethod of using ' S ' irons to prevent the further opening of checks in cross ties.. 291 



79. Graphic representation of the price levels of Xo. i white and red oak ties delivered 



f.o.b. cars at East St. Louis for the years 1902 to 1917, inclusive 294 



80. The effect of the nail spike and the screw spike on wood fibers of ties 296 



81. Peeling western red cedar poles in the Priest River Valley, Kaniksu National Forest, 



Idaho 302 



82. Loading chestnut poles. Perry County, Pennsylvania 315 



83. The beginning of a new pole yard in northern Idaho 315 



84. ^Method used in piling poles to facilitate dr>ing 317 



85. Loading southern white cedar telephone and telegraph poles at Wilmington, North 



Carolina 318 



86. ilethod employed in piling and loading poles on cars 320- 



87. Method of treating poles in an open tank to increase their length of service 322 



88. Pole yard and treating plant at Gaulsheim, Germany 324 



89. Over 500,000,000 posts are used annually on the farms and along the railways of this 



country 327 



90. Preser\-ative treatment of fence posts by the open-tank method 328 



91. Beech, birch and maple cord wood cut and stacked for seasoning in the woods. 



Delaware County, New York 337 



92. Wood\ard with a capacity of 5000 cords of fuel wood along the Potomac River 



Washington, D. C 34r 



93. Two cut-up saws operated by electric motor 346 



94. Hauling cordwood near Custer City, Pennsylvania 347 



95. About 500 cords of wood piled in the municipal yard of Columbia, South Carolina 349 



96. Shingle packer or buncher 366 



97. About 100,000 shakes made from five sugar pines in the Sierra National Forest, 



California 371 



98. The old primitive and wasteful method of tapping sugar maples used by the Indians 375 



99. The old-fashioned method of reducing the sap to syrup by boiling down in copper 



kettles in the woods 377 



100. Tapping a sugar maple in the Adirondacks 386 



loi. ilodem tin pails with covers to keep the sap free of rain, bark, twigs and other 



impurities. Hardwick, \'ermont 388 



102. A recent development in the maple sugar and syrup industry 389 



103. A tj-pical sugar house in the "sugar bush" 390 



104. Gathering the sap in a northern New York sugar bush 393 



105. Interior of a sugar house showing the steaming evaporator at the left and the sugar- 



ing-o£E arch at the left 395 



106. Ground plan of a 14-ft. by 20-ft. foot sugar house equipped with a modern evapo- 



rator 397 



107. A maple tree on tlie Spalding farm, Amsden, \'ermont, with 32 buckets hung at one 



time 399 



108. Two-year old rubber trees grown in plantation in Sumatra 402 



rog. Jlethod of tapping rubber trees in plantation in Sumatra 407 



no. Close view of tapping methods and cups used in collecting the late.\ 409 



III. Cur\'e representing the world's production of rubber from 1900 to 1918, inclusive. . 411 



