xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



PACE 



FIG. 



33. Method sometimes employed iri riving sections of white oak logs into stave bolts, 



Houston County, Tennessee "''*''■ 



34. Diagram showing method of riving staves from a white oak log • • ■ ^S° 



35. White oak butt cut for stave bolts from which twelve bolts were obtained. Giles 



County, Tennessee ^Si 



36. Equalizer in operation at a tight stave mill in Tennessee iS3 



37. A split stave emerging between the bucker knives ^54 



38. Stave jointers or listing machines in operation at a stave mill in Arkansas 155 



39. About 1,000,000 tight cooperage staves piled for seasoning in Quitman County, 



Mississippi ^57 



40. Stave jointer in operation in a large cooperage assembling plant 158 



41. Method of heating the staves prehminary to placing them in a power windlass for 



final assembling 160 



42. Machine for chamfering, howeling and crozing tight barrels 161 



43. Cutting a box in the base of a longleaf pine for the collection of resin i65 



44. Cornering a box to provide a smooth surface over which the resin is guided into the 



box. Statesboro, Georgia 170 



45. Chipping the fourth streak above a virgin box near Ocilla, Georgia 171 



46. Dipping the resin from the old-fashioned box 1 73 



47. Correct position of the Herty cup and gutters 174 



48. Method of collecting resin with the McKoy cup 176 



49. Western yellow pine tapped for naval stores products. Experimental area on Coco- 



nino National Forest, Arizona 177 



50. Tools and utensils used in the naval stores industry 178 



51. Turpentine still at Clinton, North Carolina 179 



52. Diagrammatic cross-section of a turpentine still 182 



53. Method of tapping maritime pine near Arres in the Landes region of France 186 



54. Beech, birch and hard maple cut in so-inch lengths for conversion by dry distillation 190 

 SS- General view of the Maryland Wood Products Co., Maryland, New York 194 



56. General view of hardwood distillation plant at Betula, Pennsylvania 198 



57. The wood distillation plant of the Cobbs-Mitchell Co. at Cadillac, Michigan 202 



58. Alley between the first and second sets of cooling ovens, showing the character of the 



doors and method of banking around the base 203 



Sg. Cars or trucks loaded with charcoal after heating in the ovens 208 



60. Interior of the still house at a hardwood distillation plant in Pennsylvania 211 



61. Acetate of lime drying over the retorts in the oven house at a large plant at Betula, 



Pennsylvania 220 



62. General view of the destructive distillation plant of the Pine Products Co., Georgia. 228 



63. A charcoal pit near Elk Neck, Maryland 237 



64. A charcoal pit in the process of burning 240 



65. Type of brick beehive kiln used for making charcoal for iron furnaces in northern 



New York 242 



66. A forest of beech cut clean for charcoal in one of the State Forests of Tuscany in 



central Italy 244 



67. A view of the yard of a sawmill at Vallombrosa, Italy 246 



68. Common forms of hewed cross ties with reference to their position in the log 264 



69. Tie hacker making ties from lodgepole pine in the Gallatin National Forest, Montana 265 



70. Peeler or bark spud used in removing the bark 268 



71. Triangular tie used by the Great Northern Railway 274 



72. Method of sawing triangular ties from tie logs 274 



73. Making ties in the hardwood forests of Decatur County, Tennessee 281 



