CONTENTS vii 

 CHAPTER VI. TIGHT COOPERAGE 



PAGE 



General 143 



Special features 145 



Species used : 146 



Annual production 147 



Value of products 148 



Woods operations 149 



Stumpage 149 



Rived staves 149 



Logging and delivering bolts 156 



Equivalents. 152 



Manufacture of staves and heading 153 



Assembling 159 



Standard specifications and rules 163 



Exports 164 



CHAPTER VII. NAVAL STORES 



General 165 



Source of products 167 



Annual production ' 167 



Woods operations 169 



Cup and gutter or apron systems 173 



Distillation 178 



Yields 182 



Utilization of products 183 



French methods 185 



CHAPTER VIII. HARDWOOD DISTILLATION 



History 189 



Introduction 189 



Early practices 189 



Utilization of wood in the industry 192 



Favorable conditions 192 



Desirable species 192 



Stumpage values 192 



Cutting and delivering to the factory 193 



Seasoning and weights 193 



Opportunities for utilization of sawmill and woods waste 194 



Management of timberlands 195 



Statistics of wood consumption 196 



Developments in the industry 197 



Processes of manufacture 199 



Brick kilns 200 



Iron retorts 200 



Oven retorts 201 



Distillation 203 



Plant equipment 206 



Plant operation 213 



Utilization of products 220 



