NAVAL STORES 175 



with cups, which have demonstrated a saving of 20 per cent in value of 

 products over the old wasteful box method of turpentining. 



The principle of the cup and gutter systems lies in the substitution 

 of two gutters or an apron and a cup for the box. The gutters or apron 

 is used to guide the crude turpentine, as it exudes from the tree into a 

 clay or galvanized iron receptacle, which is either hung from a zinc nail 

 or the apron itself. The gutters or aprons can be elevated from time to 

 time. This obviates the necessity of the gum or resin flowing over such 

 a long-exposed face to the box; consequently the amount of scrape is 

 reduced and both a greater quantity and higher quality of product are 

 secured. 



The gutters are generally 2 in. wide and 6 to 12 in. long and are bent 

 into the shape of an obtuse angle. The gutters are inserted in slits made 

 by a broadaxe, one projecting about 2 in. beyond the lower end of the 

 other in order to conduct all the resin into the cup, which is suspended 

 from a nail. Both clay and galvanized iron cups holding 1, i| and 2 qt. 

 are commonly used. The position of the cup and gutters is shown in 

 the accompanying illustration. 



In the case of the aprons, a flat piece of galvanized iron, nearly 

 rectangular in shape and with one edge concave in order to conform with 

 the shape of the tree, is inserted in a slit made with a broadaxe having a 

 concave edge. The slit is almost horizontal and slopes slightly down- 

 ward. 



The cup or receptacle used with this form is generally hung directly 

 from the apron. As in the case of the other form of cup, it may be either 

 of clay or galvanized iron, but it is generally made of the latter material. 

 In shape it is rectangular, about 12 in. long, 3 in. wide and about 3 in. 

 deep, and is smaller in both length and width at the bottom than at the 

 top. The illustration shows the position, shape and method of use of this 

 form. 



There are several other forms and adaptations of the forms described 

 above and new variations are introduced to the industry nearly every 

 year. 



In all cases, the cups are removed at the end of each season and are 

 elevated together with the aprons or gutters to new positions higher on 

 the tree at the beginning of each season. 



The advantages of the cup systems over the old box system may be 

 summarized as follows: 



I. The yield of turpentine is considerably greater and the value of the 

 rosin much higher. This is explained by the fact that the cups are raised 



