178 FOREST PRODUCTS 



4. Each streak shall not exceed a width of | in. or a depth of 5 in., 

 the depth being measured from the dividing line between the wood and 

 the bark. 



5. Before the chipping season opens the rough outer bark shall be 

 scraped off over the entire surface to be chipped for each season, care 

 being taken not to penetrate the living bark. 



PhotoQTaph by U. S. Forest Service. 



Fig. 50. — Tools and utensils used in the naval stores industry. From left to right, broada.xe 

 used to cut slit for apron, cup and apron in place, hack used in chipping, broadaxe used 

 in making "face," maul, and on right foreground cup and apron. Photograph taken 

 on experimental area in western yellow pine timber on Sierra National Forest, California. 



6. During the winter a space of at least 25 ft. shall be raked free of 

 debris about each tapped tree. 



DISTILLATION 



As the resin is collected in buckets and then in barrels in the forest, 

 it is transported on wagons to the still, located at a place convenient to 

 several (20 to 25) crops and generally on a railroad, to facilitate the 

 marketing of the products — spirits of turpentine and rosin. Copper 

 stills have only been used since 1834. Prior to that time iron retorts 

 were used and they were exceedingly crude and wasteful and produced 

 a very inferior product. 



