308 FOREST PRODUCTS 



S ft., over 20 ft. Owing to the inaccuracies of cutting cedar in the woods by hand, a 

 variation of 6 in. in length is allowable. 



Tops. 



Piling 30 ft. and shorter must measure at small end not less than 30 in. in circum- 

 ference. 



Pihng 35, 40, and 45 ft. must measure at small end not less than 28 in. in circum- 

 ference. 



Piling so ft. to 70 ft., inclusive, must measure not less than 25 in. in circumference 

 at small end. 



Butts 



Butts must measure not less than 14 in. of more than 20 in. in diameter the widest 

 way. 



Crook. 



Piling may contain crook one way providing a line drawn from the center of the 

 top to the center of the butt does not fall outside the body of the piling at any point 



Cat Faces and Dry Streaks. 



A sound cat face not to exceed 10 per cent of the length of a piling is permissible. 

 A sound, dead or dry streak shall not be considered a defect when it does not materially 

 impair the strength of the piling. 



In addition to red cedar, the following timbers are commonly used for 

 piKng purposes in the West: Douglas fir, western hemlock, western yel- 

 low pine, redwood and, to some extent, eucalyptus. 



In the East, most companies classify piling as permanent or tem- 

 porary. The former must be of white oak, chestnut or longleaf pine 

 and must be peeled. The latter may be of almost any species that can 

 be driven with a pile driver, but the following are generally used: Red 

 and black oak, beech, maple, ash, hickory, elm, black gum or sycamore. 

 They are used in the unpeeled condition. The following are customary 

 dimensions: The diameter at the middle of the pile shall be not less 

 than 12 in. and the diameter of the butt shall not exceed 20 in. 

 The minimum diameter at the top for piles up to 30 ft. in length shall 

 be 9 in.; for those from 30 to 50 ft., 8 in., and for those exceeding 

 50 ft., 7 in. A line from the center of the butt to the center of the top 

 shall lie within the pile. Permanent piles usually command a price of 

 from 14 to 20 cents or more per lineal foot, delivered at the railroad 

 tracks, while temporary piling brings only from 8 to 15 cents per linear 

 foot. The larger prices are paid for the longer pieces. 



