DYE WOODS AND MATERIALS 419 



such as barwood (Pterocarpus santalinoides, L'her) and camwood (Baphia 

 nilida, Afzel), which closely resemble it are sold as red sandalwood. All 

 of these woods are commonly referred to in dyestuff circles as the insol- 

 uble redwoods. 



Quercitron. 



This is the crushed or ground bark of the black or yellow oak {Quercus 

 velutina, Lam.) which is found throughout the East and particularly in 

 the Middle Atlantic States and the southern Appalachian Mountains. 

 The coloring matter is contained in a thin layer in the inner bark. 



The bark is usually crushed into a fine brownish-yellow powder, the 

 coloring principle of which is quercitrin. This may be decomposed, by 

 using a dilute sulphuric acid, into quercitrin. Flavine is the trade name 

 applied to a preparation of quercitron obtained by acting upon the bark 

 first with alkalies and treating this extract with sulphuric acid. Both 

 the liquid and soHd extracts are used commercially for dyestuffs. 



Flavine and quercitron find their principal use in dyeing cottons and 

 woolens with tin mordants. Flavine is commonly used with cochineal 

 or lac-dye for producing scarlet. 



Venetian Sumach. 



Venetian sumach, also called young fustic, wild-olive, smoke tree, 

 wig tree, etc. {Rhus cotinus L. also called Coiinus cotinus (L) Sarg.) is 

 imported to a Umited extent from Hungary, Greece, Italy and other 

 European countries. It produces a yellow dye called fustine, used chiefly 

 in coloring glove leather and wool. It is sold very commonly as a sub- 

 stitute for the true fustic, although it is produced by a small tree or shrub 

 which yields sticks up to 4 in. in diameter and 4 to 6 ft. in length. The 

 heartwood is greenish-yellow and hard. This tree is not related botan- 

 ically to the true fustic. 



The coloring matter yields a fine orange color with alkaUes and bright 

 orange precipitates with lime and lead acetate. 



Sumachs native to America, especially the staghorn sumach (Rhus 

 hirta) , which grows throughout a large part of the East, are used to a very 

 limited extent in coloring cloth and fine leather. The leaves, leaf stalks 

 and smaller twigs yield a yellow dye. A close relative of the sumachs, 

 called chittam or American fustic {Cotinus americanus, Nutt), grows 

 throughout the lower Mississippi Valley and yields a clear orange colored 

 dye. 



Osage Orange. 



This tree is commonly found in the rich bottom lands of southern 



