406 PEINGILLIDiE. 



better located in the genus Emhernagra. The range of the dark forms of Pipilo is very 

 extensive, embracing a large portion of the North-American continent, the outlying^ 

 islands of Guadaloupe and Socorro, and spreading southward through Mexico to the 

 highlands of Guatemala. The brown species, on the other hand, are much more 

 restricted in their range, being confined to the South-western States and Mexico, beyond 

 which they do not pass. 



The species of both sections of Pipilo are by no means well defined, and several of 

 them seem to pass by gradual steps one into the other. 



American authors recognize two species of the black group, P. erythrophthalmus and 

 P. maculatus, the former with two races and the latter with several. In treating of 

 the Mexican forms we have found it necessary to admit four species ; but we fully 

 acknowledge that, in the case of P. macronyx, we have drawn the specific characters 

 rather wide, and more species may be recognized when a larger series is examined. 



The culmen of the bill of P. maculatus is slightly arched ; the nostrils are margined 

 above by a membrane ; beneath the nostrils the bill is somewhat tumid ; the tomia is 

 angulated and somewhat undulated towards the end, close to which there is a distinct 

 notch ; the rictal bristles are short, but strong ; the legs are moderately stout, the middle 

 toe being about the same length as the tarsus ; the hind claw is strong and moderately 

 curved ; the wings are short and much rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth quills are the 

 longest, the second equalling the sixth ; the tail is rounded. 



In P. fuscus the feet are not so strong, and the claws are shorter and more curved,^ 

 the bird being thus better suited for an arboreal life. 



The changes of plumage from young to adult and from summer to winter, as well 

 as those of sex, have not been carefully traced, especially in the P. macronyx group. 

 Our materials do not help us much in this respect, and when they come to be examined 

 the conclusions we have come to as to the limits of each species may have to be 

 reconsidered. 



a. Caput nigrum, dorsum plus minusve maculatum, cauda plerumgue alba terminata. 

 1. Pipilo macronyx. 



Pipilo macronyx, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 434 '; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 487 " ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 



1869, p. 361 '; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 234 '. 

 Pipilo virescem, Hartl. J. £. O. 1863, p. 228 °. 

 Pipilo chlorosoma, Baird, N.-Am. B. ii. p. 105 °. 

 Pipilo compleseus, Ridgw. Auk, 1886, p. 332 ''. 



Supra virente-fiiscus ; alls et cauda olivaceo limbatis ; hujus rectricibus utrinque tribus extemis ad apices- 

 et extima in pogonio extemo viridi-albidis, illarum tectricibus omnibus viridi albo terminatis ; capite 

 nigrieante-fasco, interscapulio fusco striate, plumis lateralibus quoque viridi-albo guttatis; subtus 

 albus, hypochondriis et crisso castaneis ; campterio alari flavissimo ; rostro nigro, pedibus oorylinis. 

 Long, tota 8'7, alse 4-0, caudse 4-8, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 1-2. (Desor. exempl. typ. ex Mexico. Mus. 

 Cantabr.) 



