ir. VERTEBRATA: MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. 651 



hand the same distinctions between hand and foot (^-1 and B) 

 occur as are found in the hand and foot of man. The separation 

 of Quadrumuna and Biniana is without anatomical basis; it rests 

 solely upon functional peculiarities and egotism. 



Sub Order I. PLATYKRPIIX.E, :N'<3w World monkeys. Nostrils separated 

 by a wide septum so that tliey are visible from in front ; teeth fJIJ, the 

 tympanum not extended by an outer bony meatus. Cebid^e, tail fre- 

 quently prehensile, long. Cebus, sapajous ; AteJ.es, spider monkeys. The 

 Hapalid.e, or marmosets, are an aberrant group with teeth |ii|J and claws 

 on all the digits except the relatively small great toe, thumbs not opposable. 

 Hapale, Midas. 



Sub Order II. CATAREIIIN^, Old World apes ; internasal septum 

 small, the nostrils directed in front and downwards ; teeth |ifi] ; since the 

 large canines are interlocked in the opposite row of teeth, there is a more 

 or less evident diastema in each jaw ; the tympanum is prolonged as in 

 man into a bony meatus. Section I, CYNOMORPfL^, with naked places 

 on the buttocks (ischial callosities), usually a long tail and hairy face, 

 and only two sacral vertebrae. Gyrioneplialus, baboons, drills, and man- 

 drils; Macacus, macaques; M. ecaudatus, with stumpy tail, entering Europe 

 at Gibraltar. Section II. ANTHROPOIDS (Simiid*), man-like apes, 

 usually without ischial callosities, face, fingers and toes without hair, no 

 tail, five sacral vertebrae (three in Hylohates) fused to an os sacrum. Hylo- 

 hntes, gibbons, with very long arms ; >Simia satyrus of Sumatra and 

 Borneo, the orang-utan; Gorilla eugena ; Troglodytes iiiger, the chim- 

 panzee, of Africa. 



Sub Order III. ANTIIROPINS, man. Degeneration of the hair on 

 most parts of the body ; upright position and as a result .slight mobility 

 of the great toe (non-opposable) ; development of articulate speech ; high 

 intelligence ; strong development of the cerebrum and consequent increase 

 of the cranium at the expense of the face, are the most prominent char- 

 acters of mankind. The dentition is the same as in the Catarrhina:', only 

 the canines are smaller and there is no diastema. It was long a question 

 whether there was a single species of man {Homo sapiens) with .several 

 races or whether there were several species. Since cresses between the 

 ' different races are fertile, the first view receives general acceptance, 

 although the differences which are actually present are constant and point 

 1o the second alternative. The answer to these questions, which in the 

 light of evolution have lost most of their significance, and the characteriza- 

 tion of the various races, belong to a special branch of science, anthro- 

 pology. Here will only be mentioned the three great groups (each of 

 which has several subdivisions) recognized by Flower. I. Woolly-haired 

 men or Negroes, with blackish skin and strongly curled hair (elliptical in 

 section). The subdivisions are Papuans, Australians, Hottentots, Kaffirs, 

 and Sudan iie"-roes. II. Straight-haired men, or Mongolians, with yellow- 

 ish-brown skin and straight hair (circular in section). The subdivisions 

 Eskimos, Malays, :Mongols, and Indians belong here. III. A group called 



