78 STUDIES IN FOSSIL BOTANY 



nomenclature), and the aerial stems sprang from sub- 

 terranean rhizomes. 



I should mention that Macrostachya fructifications 

 are found in association with the same type of stem. 

 In France this group seems to have been found chiefly 

 in the Middle Coal-measures, and not to extend into their' 

 upper beds. 



Grand'Eury's third type is Calamodendron, found 

 only in the upper beds of the Coal-measures. This 

 horizon appears to be represented in England by the 

 Somersetshire coal-field, but petrified specimens have 

 not been recorded from it, and at present stems of 

 the Calamodendron type of structure have not been 

 obtained from our coal-fields. Grand'Eury associates 

 with the Calamodendron wood (described above) some 

 small cones, to which he gives the name of Calamostachys 

 (but not, as used by us, in the sense of Schimper), and 

 certain leafy branches quite distinct in character from 

 Asterophyllites ; these he calls Calamocladus. Calamo- 

 cladus is characterised by the whorls of leaves being 

 separated by long internodes, and not crowded together 

 as in Asterophyllites, and also by the fact that the upper 

 branches were not arranged distichously, but radiated 

 out on all sides. The leaves are said to have had 

 several nerves, instead of a single median one, as in 

 the former types. Grand'Eury brings forward good 

 evidence that certain fructifications, usually of small 

 dimensions, really belonged to the branches named 

 Calamocladus. Some of these fructifications are 

 described as' having essentially the structure of the 

 cones of recent Equiseta, bearing peltate scales only, 

 without sterile bracts ; the preservation, however, does 



