116 



HORSESHOEING. 



Fig. 104. Fig. 105. 



Fig. 106. 



yet they require special security to prevent their becoming loose. 

 Experimentation with the screw toe-calks, though not yet entirely 

 satisfactory, cannot be said to have ended. 



The advantages of shoes provided with good screw heel-calks 

 are so manifold that they deserve marked preference over shoes 



sharpened by the ordinary 

 methods. The common ob- 

 jections urged against screw- 

 calks, — namely, that they 

 loosen and are lost, or break 

 off, are not worthy of serious 

 consideration, since these 

 evils are merely the result of 

 unskilful workmanship and 

 poor material. Shoes with 

 screw heel-calks are the best 

 shoes for winter, especially for 

 horses that have to work hard 

 and continuously. 

 Balling with snow is prevented by using shoes narrow in the 

 web and concave upon the ground-surface (convex iron), and 

 thoroughly oiling the sole and frog. Sole-pads of felt, leather, or 

 straw serve the same purpose. Balling with snow is best pre- 

 vented by a rubber sole-and-frog pad, or by a " stopping" of a 

 patent hoof cement known in Germany as " huflederkitt." 



4. Shoeing with Peg-Calks. — The calks are merely stuck 

 into the calk-holes, hence their name. 



Sharp peg- . Blunt peg- 

 calk : a, the calk : a, the 

 tap ; &, the tap ; b, the 

 head. head. 



Lower part of 

 the reamer. 



(a) Shoeing with Round Peg-Calks. 



The inventor of this method is Judson, an American. The shoes differ in 

 no respect from the ordinary flat shoes. In order that the calks may not be 

 lost, it is absolutely necessary that the tap of the calk have a moderately 

 conical form, and exactly fit into the calk -hole of the shoe. The taper of the 

 calk-tap is correct if for every two-fifths of an inch in length it increases or 

 diminishes one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter. 



Although the calk-holes may be punched in a hot shoe, yet boring and 



