118 HORSESHOEING. 



the ordinary manner, although this is accomplished most easily by using a 

 pair of tongs with short jaws that are hollowed upon the inside for seizing 

 the tap of the calk. 



(b) Shoeing with Square Peg-Calks. 



They were invented and first advocated by Dominik. The rough calk- 

 holes are stamped from the ground-surface of the shoe with a hammer-punch 

 and a hand-punch. The wire-edge which is raised around the hole upon the 

 hoof-surface of the shoe should never be hammered down, but removed with 

 a file ; if this is not done, the surfaces of the hole are made uneven, whereby 

 the calks will not be likely to fit accurately and remain tight. The shoe is 

 then fitted to the hoof, the ends of the branches again heated to a cherry- 

 red, and the model-punch * (Fig. 107) driven into the holes to shape them for 

 the reception of the calks. In doing this care must be used not to warp or 

 twist the shoe. The hole in the shoe should be placed over the hole of a 

 matrix or over the small round hole in the anvil, and the model-punch 

 driven through the shoe up to its head. Since in cooling the iron of the 

 shoe contracts a little and the hole becomes smaller, the punch will not 

 afterwards pass into the hole quite up to its head. 



These peg-calks are made out of square steel which is from a twenty- 

 fourth to a twelfth of an inch thicker than the diameter of the calk-hole. 

 They are made with the help of a matrix (Fig. 108) invented by Dominik, 

 whose thickness is exactly the length of a blunt calk. The width of the 

 holes a and 6, measured midway in their length, is the same as the thickness 

 of the model-punch just under its head. The end of the square steel bar is 

 tapered until it will fit the opening {a) of the matrix, but not extend beyond 

 the opposite side. It is then passed into the central opening (6) of the matrix, 

 a set-hammer placed on the bar close up against the matrix, and the end of the 

 bar struck off; or, in order to spare the matrix, the bar may be cut between 

 a cold-chisel and hardy. A blunt calk made in this manner requires nothing 

 more than to have the ends squared with a file. 



In order to finish a sharp calk, hold the bar in an oblique direction against 

 the farther edge of the anvil at the point to which it passed into the matrix, 

 place the back edge of a set-hammer upon the bar, and, by light blows and 

 frequent turning of the bar, produce the sharp head of the calk and finally 

 strike the latter from the bar. When calks are sharpened by heating they 

 must be subsequently tempered. 



* If the calks are to be sufficiently secure against loosening, the model- 

 punch must diminish in diameter one twenty-fifth of an inch for every two- 

 fifths of an inch of its length. 



