HORSESHOEING. 157 



1. By rivets (nails), which pass across the crack through holes 

 previously drilled in the horn. 



2. By clamps or hooks, which by means of special pincers are 

 forced into pockets previously burnt into the horn on opposite 

 sides of the crack. 



3. By a thin iron plate placed across the crack and secured 

 by small wood screws. 



4. By means of wood screws, screwed at right angles through 

 the edges of the crack. 



5. By means of a strap buckled around the hoof. 



In all cases the hoof should be dressed with such care that 

 the shoe will fit air-tight. Before the shoe is nailed on it is 

 necessary to relieve pressure from certain parts of the wall. 

 For toe-craoks we use, as a rule, an open shoe upon which, under 

 certain conditions, clips are raised upon the ends of the branches 

 to press against the buttresses. Two lateral toe-clips (Fig. 136) 

 are drawn up, and the wall between these clips is cut down from 

 a twelfth to an eighth of an inch. 



For side-cracks we determine the extent of wall to be laid free 

 in the following manner : We imagine the crack to be prolonged 

 in the direction of the horn-tubes to the plantar border, and drop 

 a perpendicular line from the upper end of the crack to the 

 plantar border. That part of the plantar border lying between 

 these two points is then to be lowered sufficiently to prevent 

 pressure from the shoe until the next shoeing (Fig. 137). 



For quarter-cracks we use a bar-shoe, and proceed as described 

 above, even when the perpendicular line falls behind the buttress. 



Next to shoeing, hoof-pads render good service, because 

 through them a part of the body-weight is distributed over the 

 sole and frog. They assist in widening the hoof, and lessen 

 shock when the foot is set to the ground. These are all matters 

 which favor the growing down of coherent (unbroken) horn. 



When the crack gaps widely, and the frog is small and deep in 

 the foot, a shoe with bar-clips (Defay's shoe) may be used. It is 

 not impossible, indeed, to obtain a cure by using an ordinary 



