36 RUBIACE.E. Galium. 



G. Asglicum, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom a foot high, glabrous : leaves 5 to 7 

 in the whorls, oblaneeolate to nearly linear (qaarter-inch long), minutely spinulose-scabrous 

 on margins and angles of stem : flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish- 

 white, very small : fruit glabrous, but more or less tuberculate-granulate. — G. Parisiense, L. 

 var. Anglicum, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. &c. — Roadsides in dry soil, Bedford Co., Virginia, 

 A. H. Curtiss. (Nat. from Eu.) 



G. tkic<5rne, With. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with simple branches, 

 spreading or procumbent : leaves 6 or 8 in the whorls, oblaneeolate, cuspidate-mucronate 

 (inch or less long), retrorsely prickly-hispid on margins, as also on angles of stem : flowers 

 usually only 3 in the umbelliform cymules, dull white : fruits comparatively large, tubercu- 

 late-granulate, not hairy, hanging on recurved stout pedicels (likened to the three balls of a 

 pawnbroker's shop). — Bare in waste or cult, fields eastward. (Nat. from Eu.) 



§ 2. Indigenous species : fruit dry. 

 # Annuals: fruit more or less uncinately hispidulous or hirsute, in one species sometimes naked: 

 flowers hermaphrodite : corolla white or whitish. 



-t— Coarse, reclining: leaves 6 to 8 in the whorls. 



G. Aparine, L. (Cleaveks, Goose-Gkass.) Stems 1 to 4 feet long, retrorsely aculeolate- 

 hispid on the angles, as also on the margins and midrib of the oblaneeolate or almost linear 

 cuspidate-acuminate leaves : peduncles rather long, 1 to 3 in upper axils or terminal, bearing 

 either solitary or 2 or 3 pedicellate flowers : fruit not pendulous, rather large, granulate- 

 tuberculate and the tubercles tipped with bristles. — Reichenb. Ic. El. Germ. 1. 1597. — Shaded 

 grounds, Canada to Texas, and Aleutian Islands to California ; eastward mainly as an intro- 

 duced plant, or appearing so. (Eu., Asia.) 



Var. Vaillantii, Koch. Smaller, more slender: leaves seldom inch long: flowers 

 usually more numerous : fruit smaller (carpels when dry only a line or so in diameter), hir- 

 sute or hispidulous. — Fl. Germ. ed. 1, 330. G. Aparine, var. minor, Hook. Fl. i. 290. G. 

 Vaillantii, DC. Fl. Fr. iv. 203. — Texas to California, Montana, and Brit. Columbia ; certainly 

 indigenous : perhaps so in Canada, &c. (Eu.) 



4— •*— Small and low, more erect: leaves mostly 4 in the whorls. 

 •h* Flowers on solitary naked peduncles. 



G. bifolium, Watson. Smooth and glabrous, a span or two high, sparingly branched 

 slender : leaves oblaneeolate to nearly linear, four in the whorls (larger half -inch long), the 

 alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a single pair : fructiferous peduncles 

 about the length of the leaves, horizontal, and the minutely hispidulous fruit decurved on 

 the naked tip. — Bot. King Exp. 134, t. 14. — Mountains of Utah, Nevada, and S. Montana, 

 Watson. W. Colorado, Brandegee, and Sierra Nevada, California. 



G. Texense, Gray. Hispidulous-hirsute or upper part of stem glabrous, weak and slender, 

 a foot or less high : leaves broadly oval, equal, in fours, thin, one-nerved (only 3 or 4 lines 

 long), the sides and margins equally beset with straight bristly hairs: peduncles terminal 

 and 1-flowered; the primordial ones naked and filiform, 4 to 10 lines long; single axils 

 proliferous into a similar shoot which bears an unequally 4-leaved small whorl and a short 



peduncle or pedicel : bristles of the fruit much shorter than the carpels, barely uncinulate. 



Proe. Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. Californicum, var. Texanum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 20. G. un- 

 cinulatum, Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 215 ? probably not DC, nor G. obstipum, Schlecht., which are 

 perhaps perennial and have a different inflorescence, but are nearly allied. — Hills and river- 

 banks, Texas, Drummond (immature), Lindheimer, Wright, Hall, Reverchon. 

 ■w- -H- Flowers and fruit solitary and sessile between a pair of bracteal leaves which resemble the 

 cauline ones: stem and leaves hispidulous, or sometimes nearly glabrous. 



G. virgatum, Nutt. A span or two high, simple or with simple and strict branches from 

 the base : leaves oblong-linear or oblong, thickish, 2 or 3 lines long ; most of the axils flo- 

 riferous : peduncles exceedingly short, reflexed in fruit, not proliferous : carpels copiously 

 uncinate-hispid, shorter than the arrect bracteal leaves, which often appear as if belonging 

 to the whorl itself. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 20 ; Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 215. G. Texanum, Scheele 

 in Linn. xxi. 597, badly described. — Naked prairies of Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas, 

 first coll. by Nultall. 



Var. leiooarpum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Fruit quite smooth and glabrous : herbage 

 commonly almost so. — With the ordinary form. 



