242 COMPOSITE. Silphium, 



a form passing into var. reniforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, has rounder leaves, some only sinuate- 

 dentate, others deeply palmately cleft. S. elatum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 579. S. terebinthinaceitm, 

 Ell. Sk. ii. 463, not Jacq. S. reniforme, Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 283 ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 

 vii. 341. — Pine woods and barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

 S. terebinthinaceum, Jacq. (Prairie Dock.) Stem 4 to 9 feet high, bearing several 

 or numerous large heads : leaves of thick and firm texture, cordate-oblong or sometimes 

 ovate-oblong, a foot or two long (besides the long petiole), dentate with very many small 

 teeth, becoming rough in age : involucre nearly an inch high : rays an inch or more in 

 length : akenes obovate, narrowly winged, merely emarginate and obscurely 2-toothed at 

 summit. — Hort. Vindob. i. t. 43; L. f. Suppl. 383; Gasrtn. Fruct. ii. 445, t. 171; Schk. 

 Handb. t. 262; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Prairies and dry open wood- 

 lands, Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Louisiana. 



Var. pinnatifidum, Gray. Leaves laciniately or sinuately pinnatifid. — Man. ed. 1, 

 220. S. pinnatifidum, Ell. 1. c. — Ohio and W. Georgia, not common. 



# # * # Stem terete (striate when dried), bearing alternate deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid 

 coriaceous leaves, and sessile or short-peduncled large heads racemosely disposed along the 

 naked summit, and bracteate : involucre rigid ; its bracts ovate, thickened and at length coria- 

 ceous at base, with equally long or longer and spreading foliaceous acumination : rays numer- 

 ous : herbage scabrous-hispidulous or hispid, very rough when dried. — Compass-Plants. 



S. laciniatum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high : radical leaves (a foot or two long) 

 long-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lan- 

 ceolate to linear ; cauline with petiole simply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and some- 

 times palmatifid appendages ; upper sessile and reduced to bracts : involucre inch or more 

 high and broad : rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow : akenes half-inch long, 

 oval, glabrous or nearly so, with narrow wing widening upward and an open shallow notch ; 

 no awns. — Spec. ii. 919; L. f. Dec. 5, t. 3; Jacq. f. Eel. 1, t. 90; Torr. & Gray, 1. c; 

 Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 46 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6534. S. spicatum, Poir. Suppl. 

 v. 157. S. gummiferum, Ell. Sk. ii. 460. — Prairies, Wisconsin to Dakota and south to 

 Alabama, Kansas, and Texas. Leaves vertical and, especially the radical ones, disposed to 

 place the edges north and south, — in respect to which there is abundant literature. See 

 Alvord in Am. Naturalist, xvi. 626. 



S. albiflorum, Gkat. Low, a foot to barely a yard high, very scabrous : leaves rigid, as 

 broad as long, more disposed to pedate division ; dilated base of petiole entire : tips of invo- 

 lucral bracts seldom surpassing the disk : rays white, about inch long : akenes puberulent ; 

 the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit into somewhat triangular teeth which are 

 adnate to a pair of subulate and more or less projecting awns, the notch narrow. — Proc. 

 Am. Acad. xix. 4. — On cretaceous rocks, W. & N. Texas, Reverchon. 



71. BERLANDlfiRA, DC. (J. L. Berlandier, a Genevese botanist 

 and collector, explored parts of Texas and Mexico, died at Matamoras in 1851.) 

 — Perennial herbs (of the southeastern borders of the U. S.) ; with canescent 

 or cinereous herbage, thick roots, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads : the 

 rays yellow: involucre radiately expanding in fruit. Fl. spring and summer. — 

 Prodr. v. 517; Benth. PL Hartw. 17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 280. 



# Stems leafy up to the inflorescence of mostly rather numerous and short-peduncled heads: 

 leaves crenate, some or all the cauline cordate ; radical oblong. 



B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose ; the pubescence not pannose, that of the (2 or 3 feet 

 high) very leafy stem commonly hirsute or villous, the coarser hairs many-jointed: cauline 

 leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, greenish, merely cinereous beneath, 

 somewhat scabrous above ; upper closely sessile, lower short-petioled : heads usually fas- 

 tigiate-cymose. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 26 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. longifolia, Nutt. 

 Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 342. — Margin of woods and hillsides, Texas (first coll. by Ber- 

 landier), W. Louisiana and Arkansas to S. ~W. Missouri. Leaves of Betonica. 



Var. betonicifolia, Tokr. & Gray, 1. c. A form with most of the cauline leaves 

 petioled, and the peduncles hirsute- with purplish hairs. — Silphium betonicifolium, Hook. 

 Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99. — Louisiana, Drummond. 



