Helianthus. COMPOSITE. 279 



long, and it would appear to pass into H. strumosus except for the remarkable smoothness. 

 Bracts of the involucre minutely ciliolate. 



++++++ Heads middle-sized, at least half-inch high: rays usually but not always more than 

 10, an inch or more long: plant multiplying by creeping rootstoeks. (Species difficult of extri- 

 cation, either confluent or mixed by intercrossing.) 



= Cauline leaves all sessile and even somewhat connate bj r a more or less narrowed base those 

 of the flowering branches not rarely alternate, none more than serrulate, no lateral basal ribs. 

 H. doronicoides, Lam. Minutely pubescent and somewhat scabrous : stem 3 to 7 feet 

 high : leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed from below the middle to both ends, moderately so 

 below, lightly or indistinctly triplinerved much above the base, 4 to 8 inches long : involucre 

 of loose subulate-linear and slender pointed bracts, soft-pubescent or hirsute : rays 13 to 18, 



a third to half inch broad, sometimes inch and a half long : ovary and akene glabrous. 



Diet. iii. 84 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 327, in part, excl. syn. Vahl, &c, not of Gray, Man. 

 H. pubescens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2778, not Vahl. H. cinereus 1 var. SuHirantii, Torr. & Gray, 

 1. . . 324, appears to be a form of this. — Dry Ground, Ohio to Missouri, &e. 

 = = Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a rounded or subcordate and 3-nerved base, thence 

 gradually narrowed to the slender apex, of rather firm texture : heads and rays comparatively 

 small. 



H. divaricatUS, L. Stem simple to the summit or nearly, a foot to a yard high, mostly 

 slender, rigid, usually smooth and glabrous below and hispidulous-seabrous at summit, hear- 

 ing few short-peduncled heads : leaves green and scabrous both sides, appressed-serrnlate, 

 all the cauline opposite and horizontally divaricate (whence the name), commonly 4 or 5 

 inches long, and at base an inch or two wide : head only half-inch high . bracts of the invo 

 lucre lanceolate-subulate, usually hirsute-ciliate : rays 8 to 12, at most an inch long. — Spec. 

 ii. 906 (excl. syn. Moris. Hist. sect. 6, t. 7, f. 66) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 250; Willd. Spec. iii. 2244; 

 Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 329. S. truncatus, Schweinitz in Ell. Sk. ii. 416. Chrysanthemum Vir- 

 rjinianum, &c, Moris. Hist. sect. 6, t. 3, f. 62? — Dry and sandy or gravelly soil, Canada and 

 Saskatchewan to Florida and Louisiana. 



= = = Cauline leaves short-petioled or upper subsessile, serrulate or serrate with small erect 

 teeth, or the uppermost entire, all triplinerved from near the base. 



H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem simple or branched at summit, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, commonly 

 smooth below, rough and hispidulous above : leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, 

 subsessile or short-petioled with a roundish or broad abrupt and rarely subcordate or some- 

 times rather cuneate base, thence gradually tapering to the point in the manner of //. divari- 

 catus, scabrous above, somewhat so and little paler beneath : bracts of the involucre usually 

 broadly lanceolate and acuminate, ciliate, unequal, commonly erect and not surpassing the 

 disk : rays 12 to 15, rather broad, fully inch long. — Ann. Nat. (1820), 14 ; DC. Prodr. v. 591 ; 

 Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 329. H. diversifolius & H. hispidulus? Ell. Sk. 1. c. — Dry or moist 

 soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Texas. 



Var. trachyphyllus, Tore. & Gray, 1. c, a form from Arkansas, with thick very 

 rough leaves, and larger heads with squaTrose involucre. 



Var. stenophyllus, Tore. & Gray, 1. c, a small form, with narrow lanceolate 

 leaves almost sessile by a somewhat contracted base. — II. strumosus, var.? leptophi/llus, Torr. 

 & Gray, 1. c, may be the same with smoother stem. — Louisiana and Texas. 



H. strumosus, L. Rootstoeks long and slender, often branching, thickened often into a 

 narrow fusiform tuber at the apex : stem usually branching, 3 to 6 feet high, glabrous ar.d 

 very smooth and often glaucous, but summit and branches not rarely hispidulous : leaves 

 oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the lower sometimes ovate, acute or acuminate, slightly serrate 

 or some of them entire, bright-green and somewhat papillose-scabrous above, whitish beneath 

 (either with or without minute tomentum), abruptly contracted or more tapering into a 

 margined petiole (the larger 5 to 8 inches long and 2 wide) : heads rather small (half-inch 

 high), but the rays ample, 9 to 15, commonly oblong, an inch to inch and a half long : bracts of 

 the involucre rather broadly or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes with attenuate spread- 

 ing tips, rarely surpassing the disk, ciliate, either glabrous or pubescent on the back : pappus 

 not rarely with intermediate squamellae, either free or adnate to the base of the palece. — 

 Spec. ii. 905 ; Ait. Kew. iii. 249 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. II. Icevis, Walt. Car. 215 ? H. iwylectus, 

 Otto, in Berlin Garden, is either a glabrous form of this, or is H. Icevigatus. — Open woods 

 and banks, Canada to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Arkansas. 



