44 APPLE TWIGS, LOCUST — HABITS OF THE PDPA. 



size, and came out of the giound upon the same day, with those 

 which appeared in the timber lands; nor were they any more plenty 

 beneath two or three shade trees standing in the cleared grounds 

 than in other parts of the fields. In other places I was also in- 

 formed of their coming from the earth plentifully in fields which 

 had been cleared several years. Indeed, the pupse emerge in all 

 situations, except where the ground has been wholly destitute of 

 trees and shrubs for seventeen years or more. They even work 

 their way out in the middle of the most solid and hard-trodden 

 roads. This fact is noticed by Rev. Andrew Sandel in the first 

 recorded notice which we possess of this insect, in 1715, (Medical 

 Repository, vol. iv., p. 71,) and was also stated to me by different 

 persons in Illinois. It serves to show the remarkable strength 

 which the anterior legs of the pupa must possess to enable it to 

 dig through ground so compacted. 



It is in the night time that the pupa (of which the accompany- 

 ing figures, taken from specimens of C. rimosa, 

 give a view,) emerges from the ground. The 

 warmth and dryness of the air by day would 

 doubtless cause its exterior shell-like case to 

 become stiff and crack open prematurely. 

 Some of the pupa hatch upon the ground, near the holes from 

 which they have emerged ; others crawl up the sides of fences 

 and upon bushes and trees, sometimes to a height of twenty feet. 

 The pupa fixes itself securely by its feet, its thin shell-like cover- 

 ing cracks open anteriorly upon the back, and the inclosed insect 

 withdraws itself therefrom, leaving the empty case adherint^ to 

 the place where it was fixed. 



The oak is the tree which the seventeen-year locust appears 

 most to infest, for the purpose of depositing its eggs, and next to 

 this is probably the apple tree. So numerous were these insects 

 in several orchards in Illinois last June, and such injury did they 

 threaten the trees by their wounds, that the proprietors were in- 

 duced with poles and goads to whip and drive them from the trees. 

 And B. S. Rollin, of Wyoming, Wisconsin, in the Wisconsin and 

 Iowa Farmer of November last, (vol. vi. p. 254,) reports that in 



